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Salmonella in USA EssayI want to educate the reality, acquireers and individuals that be at guess of contracting this deadly affection called Salmonella. At risk individuals such as the elderly, infants, and those with impaired insubordinate systems atomic number 18 more than prone to getting a severe illness such as salmonella. heading and GoalThe objective is to educate the general macrocosm, farmers, and consumers of grocery stores, owners of grocery stores, consumers of restaurants, owners of the restaurants, cooks, chefs, viands handlers, and educational institutions about the health risks of the bacteria disease Salmonella. My goal for this public educational pattern is that the public take the in varietyation and realize from it and take the precautions to annul salmonella. Salmonella disease its transmitted to humans by contaminated regimen of puppet product line or pissing.Salmonella disease affects the entire human population but the quite a little at more risk argon children because their immune systems be immature and the elders because their immune system ar declining excessively people with immunocompromised diseases. People who leave in poor conditions are also in risk of contracting salmonella. After 12 to 72 hours of transmission system common symptoms of salmonella are fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhea usually the illness expirys 4 to 7 days. However in some cases the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized if the person its not hospitalized it butt authorize to d haveh.(CDC) Historical OutbreaksSpanish- American war (1898) in all, 20,738 recruits contracted the disease82% of all sick soldiers, 1590 died. A significant number of these deaths actually occurred at training area in the southeastern United States. (History of enteral fever fever (salmonella)) South African war (1899-1902) volcanic eruption in British camps- British troops befogged 13,000 men to salmonella the eructa tion was due to unhealthful towns and farms throughout Africa. (History of typhoid fever (salmonella)). In the early 1900s in unfermented York squanderery shame Mallon was the first famous carrier of typhoid fever in the U.S. Mary Mallon was a chronic carrier of salmonella she was hired as a cook at several closed-door homes, she work for 7 different families 22 cases of salmonella where inform and one death. (History of typhoid fever (salmonella))These early bams can be attributed to unsanitary living conditions and the bacterial tainting of food and water supplies. 1985 moolah United a Chicago dairy was involved in a salmonellosis outbreak involving 6 states with 16,000 confirmed cases.(CDC) More youthfully inform outbreaks in the U.S. involve different kinds of salmonella strains, predominantly S. Enteritidis and S. Typimurium. The center for disease falsify and prevention has a rogue with keys of selected salmonella outbreaks for this year it has at least 9 reports.S almonella infections has increase by 10% in U.S. in the last 15 years its estimated that 2 to 4 million cases of salmonellosis occur in the U.S. annually reported and unreported. (CDC) On January 2011 a FDA Food rubber modernization act was sing in to law this act establish standards for galosh produce, regulates food facilities, oversee imported foods and recalls of contaminated foods. (FDA) Also salmonella can be controlled by proper preparation of bird and pelt and suspendance of contamination of opposite food with uncooked bird products. probe and interrogation studies by the government to mitigate the impact of salmonella Research1- Inactivation of salmonella on love apple stem scars by acidic sanitizing solutions. Investigating stem scar sanitisation may re puzzle a worst case scenario model for inactivating salmonella from externally contaminated tomatoes. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of antimicrobial goal for inactivation of salmonella on t he surface of tomato stem scars. (Agricultural Researc services) 2- Biofilm formation by salmonella SPP on cantaloupe surfaces The research demonstrates that cells of Salmonella do not exist as single, solitary organisms, but insteadorganize together into biofilms. These biofilms form quickly on melon surfaces and are difficult to inactivate or remove. The formation of biofilms by cells of Salmonella is potential responsible for the limited efficacy of sanitizers. (Agricultural Researc services) 3- Microbial quality and precaution of X-ray irradiation.The research shows that irradiation destroys at least 99% of common foodborne pathogen within approved dosage. These pathogens such as salmonella are associated with poultry, meat and caller produce contamination. (Agricultural Researc services) The governments of some(prenominal) countries are playing their roles to mitigate the impact of salmonella. In United States the USDA (US designe section of agriculture) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has do coordinated efforts to address salmonella problems. They have given some recommendation for the gumshoe of the consumers from salmonella. 1- slipstream surface and hands often 2- no cross contaminate 3- cook to safe temperature 4- refrigerate immediately. professorship Obama signs the FSMA (Food safety modernization act) into law on January 2011. This act gives FDA new and improves authorities and mandates to protect consumers and promote public health. Responsibility for food safety is managed by a complex network of federal, state, local and territorial agencies (Food safety) The Centers for malady Control and Prevention (CDC) Oversees the country Salmonella infections frequency Supports the state and local health departments in outbreaks investigation and elaborates control measures. (Salmonella)The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) All foods imported are inspected Monitors inspections of all whole kit and caboodles dedicated to milk past( a)eurisation Recommends new techniques for better preparation of foods in food processing plants and restaurants Controls turtles sales. (Food safety)The US subdivision of Agriculture Overseas animal health issues Inspect all plant dedicated to pasteurization of testicle Is responsible for the quality of processed and slaughtered meat.(Foodborne Illness and disease) The US Environmental Protection Agency Monitors and regulates drinking water supplies safety.Data Collection TemplateName of the disease __Salmonella____Etiological agent __Salmonella_SymptomsMode of transmissionCauses bring factorsAge/gender/behaviors that may put individuals at riskRecent cases of outbreakFactors leading to recent outbreakTreatmentPreventive measures*fever*abdominal cramps*diarrhea*chills*nausea*vomiting*muscle stomachWater and food (animal food, vegetables, fruits)Uncooked chicken or unwashed fruits or vegetablesPoor or unsanitary conditionsOwn a bird or reptileEntire human population more risk chi ldren and elders and people with immunocom promised diseases 10 reports during 2012See below (2012 salmonella outbreak)Animal fecesGrowingconditionsAntibioticsGood diet a lot of fluids andantimotilitydrugsGood hygiene entrustWashing vegetable and fruitsAdequate cooking of meats and peltSalmonella enteric bacteria its a bacteria that causes diseases in the intestinal tract the bacteria attacks the intestinal protect and inflammation occurs. The symptoms include nausea, chills, abdominal pain, vomiting, muscle aches and fever. Salmonella affects the body by three clinical forms of salmonellosis 1) gastroenteritis (S Typimurium) 2) blood poisoning (S. choleraesius) and enteric fevers. Clinical identification of salmonella its done by laboratory test such as biochemical and serological test a stool or blood specimens are planted on an agar media to determine the presence of salmonella also a phenol red test its used.Salmonella treatments are Antimotility drugs to stop the diarrhea and in case that its suspected that salmonella bacteria its in the blood antibiotics are prescribe to kill the bacteria. Also drinking a lot of fluids to prevent dehydration and take in a healthy diet. During this year (2012) the centers for diseases control and prevention has 10 reports of selected salmonella outbreak investigations a total of 1307 individuals are reported septic 264 are hospitalized and 5 deaths. Each of these cases had or still been investigated by CDC to find the origin cause of the salmonella outbreak I only going to mention the last 5 of the reports.Salmonella outbreaks 20121- Reported on August 29, 2012 Mangoes- salmonella braenderup In 16 states 105 persons infected 25 hospitalized 0 deaths probe state public health officials are conducting interviews with ill persons 70% of the ill persons reported eating mango during a hebdomad before getting ill. 2- Reported August 17, 2012 Cantaloupe-salmonella Typimurium In 21 states (Georgia state included) 178 perso ns infected 78 hospitalized 2 deaths (Kentucky) Investigations indicated the chamberlain farms produce, Inc. from Indiana its the source of this outbreak 3- Reported July 23, 2012 Ground Beef- salmonella Enteritidis In 8 states, 40 persons infected 11 hospitalized 0 deathsInvestigations indicate that ground beef produced by Cargill meat solutions its responsible for this outbreak 4- Reported July,23, 2012 Live poultry salmonella hadarIn 11 states 37 persons infected 8 hospitalized 0 deathsInvestigation results from laboratory test and trace back findings link a company from Idaho.5- Reported June 21,2012 Live poultry-salmonella capital of UruguayIn 22 states (Georgia state included) 76 persons infected 17 hospitalized 1 death Investigation Estes Hatchery in Springfield, Missouri its responsible for this outbreak TyphoidalandNontyphoidalSalmonellaStages of SymptomsCauses to lead to outbreaksSymptoms of diseases Cause and EffectSalmonellaFeverChillsPet animals such as reptilesFood con taminated by animal fecesUnsanitaryleaving1-Fever, headache and cough2-High Fever 104 degrees, red spot on the chest diarrhea4-Symptoms start subsiding during this stageNauseaAbdominal painVomitingMuscle pain3-Symptoms capture prominent (most on the hook(predicate) stage)Causes of emergence and reemergence of salmonella1- Globalization of food supply (2000- 2002) Cantaloupe from Mexico was associated with a multistate outbreaks of S Ponna infection. 2- New geographic areas unavoidable introduction of pathogens 3- Travelers, refugees and immigrants expose to unfamiliar foodborne hazards 4- Changes in microorganisms evolution of new pathogens, development of antibiotic resistance, the capacity to survive in different environmental conditions. 5- Human population changes population of highly suggestible people is expanding, more likely to succumb to bacterial infections. 6- Lifestyle great amount of people eat prepared meals. In some countries, the food service establishments dont f ollow the food safety and control regulations. (CDC) Recent outbreaks of salmonella infections suggest that the bacteria are not exclusive to poultry and have infiltrated other areas of the food industry. The most commonly reported serotypes, in history and present of salmonella are S. typhi, S. enteritides and S. typhimurium.Outbreaks in the past are largely due to unsanitary water and food supplies and unsanitary route of leaving. Since improvements in food handling, piped and filtered water supplies as was as water/sewage treatment have been made, enteric fever has baffle relatively rare in developed countries such as United States. Historically, chickens and their eggs are been associated with salmonella in the mid to late 20th century, eggs where the main sources of salmonella enteritidis this is less common at a time because of thehigh hygiene measures in production of eggs and laying hens are been vaccinated to prevent salmonella colonization. (CDC) The similarities betwee n the past and present outbreaks of salmonella are from animal food sources such as meat, poultry and seafood also the unsanitary ways of preparing them.The symptoms are the same showing a step ladder pattern it begins with sudden onset of high score fever, dry cough and headache and it keeps going to a second, third and fourth stage the most dangerous stage its the third stage where the symptoms become more prominent. A big difference now its that we have more effective treatments to control salmonella. Today three types of typhoid vaccines are obtainable 1- inactivated whole-cell vaccine 2- ty21a 3- vi polysaccharide vaccine these vaccines have been shown be 70- 90% effective. (Salmonella symptoms) Salmonella are a host of bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tracts of animals and birds. The bacteria are usually transmitted to people when they eat foods contaminated with animal feces.Contaminated foods are often of animal origin, such as poultry, beef, eggs or milk. Bu t all foods, including vegetables and fruits, can become contaminated. In order to lose weight salmonellosis a food safety approach its necessary staring from the farms to the consumers table. Industry, farmers, retailers, food inspectors, food workers and consumers are critical cogitate in the food safety chain. The center for disease control and prevention reported 11 cases of salmonella outbreak during this year 2012. 3 of those cases are from live poultry.( Salmonella) Diseases control plan for poultryFarmer food safety plan (prevention, control and hygiene)1- Salmonella control has to start at the farms.2- Pest control sanitation, properly chlorinated water and biosecurity are crucial for controlling salmonella.A. Restricting access Vehicles People AnimalsB. Biosecurity Dedicated clothing and boots Disinfectant boot steep3- Vaccination of hens used in breeding4- Eggs should be collected and placed in modify or new disinfected trays.5- TestingA. Dust sampling- collecting dus t from dust on equipment in the poultry buildingB. Faecal sampling from poultry animalsC. Sampling of boots that walk around the poultry buildingD. frequence of testing before and after laying eggs its extremely important6- Use goodish sanitation practiceA. Enforce employee hygieneSalmonella continues to be an issue in poultry processing plants and farms. Each plant /farm is unique and must determine the best way to control salmonella in their operation. Salmonella testing should be done on a regular basis to validate control measures are working. (Controlling salmonella in poultry plants) Preventions for consumers1- Clean- wash hands and surface before handling any food2- Avoid cross-contamination- separate stark(a) poultry, meat and seafood from other foods3- Poultry and eggs should be refrigerator4- Cook- do not eat knifelike or undercooked meat, eggs or poultry (Salmonella questions and answers) The plan explains the measurements need to be taken by farms or plants by outlin ing procedures on how to avoid salmonella also prevention and control are monitored by Good awkward practices and hazard analysis critical control point. By following the guidelines mention the farm and plants owners volition reduce health risk to the consumers and prevent future outbreaks of salmonella. Consumers need to be aware of Salmonella reports and practice the prevention tips to avoid been contaminated with the diseases. Also this plan shows the public/consumer the precautions taken by the farms and plants to keep the poultry salmonella escaped.Feasibility reportSalmonella its a diseases that can be prevented just by practicing good hygiene the educational plan makes emphasis on the following subjects all the historical outbreaks where due of unsanitary way of preparing food and way of leaving. The emergence and reemergence of salmonella its due to several factors including the growing of population and population lifestyle but forthwith improvements of food handling an d good sanitation makes harder forthe food to be contaminated with salmonella. (Salmonella) The government has done many different research to diminish the impact of salmonella in the country food safety its managed by different agencies such as The center for disease control and prevention (CDC), The food and drug face (FDA), the US department of agriculture, and the US environmental protection agency each of this agencies has a proper(postnominal) line of business to do. (Salmonella) The educational plan highlights the symptoms, how the disease its transmitted, who its more at risk of contracting the disease also the precautions that consumers need to take and also the treatments used by the health care department a master this diseases.Consumer are inform of the different stages of the diseases and which stage its the more dangerous the health care department has particular proposition laboratory test to determine the presence of salmonella treatments are also mention such as antibiotics, a lot of fluids and antimotility drugs and now there are 3 types of vaccines for typhoid salmonella available for the consumer. (Salmonella symptoms) The disease control plan discusses strategies which are not economically expensive and easy to follow by the farm and consumers. The farm will benefit by following each strategy which will help to prevent salmonella and by having salmonella free poultry the farm will not suffer any economic loss the consumer will gain social growth by see the educational plan and practicing the preventions listed to avoid salmonella also by reading the many strategies used to prevent and control salmonella in poultry farms.The plan encourage consumers to practice safe preparation and cooking of food specially raw food such as poultry and eggs by practicing the preventions the salmonella bacteria can be kill and stop from spreading. The farms are encouraged to maintain and practice good sanitation in all areas of the plant staring with the ir employees. In the farms the early interventions are done by following different testing methods and vaccination of hens. The plan presents prevention and control if each farm follows and practices all the strategies this will reduce future salmonella outbreaks from poultry. (Controlling salmonella in poultry plants) Overall the plan presents a good detail safety plan for farmers to prevent salmonella by following this plan salmonella outbreaks will be avoid in the future. The consumers need to educated themselves in this type of diseases and practice the preventions to avoid been contaminated with this diseases call salmonella.AnnotatedbibliographyDavis, C. P. (n.d.). What is salmonella. Retrieved from medicinenet www.medicinenet.com/salmonella/ condition.htm This article discuss everything about salmonella what is salmonella? How is transmitted to humans, what are the symptoms, how its diagnose and what are the treatments and preventions. Multistate outbreak of salmonella braend erup infection associated with mangos. (2012, August 29). Retrieved from CDC http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/braenderup-08-12/index.html CDC investigation of multistate outbreak of human salmonella braenderup infection linked to mangos Multistate outbreak of salmonella typhimurium infection linked to cantaloupe. (2012, August 17). Retrieved from CDC http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium-cantaloupe-08-12/index.html CDC investigation of multistate outbreak of typhimurium salmonella associated with cantaloupe Multistate outbreak of salmonella enteritidis infection linked to ground beef. (2012, July 23). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis-07-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak of human salmonella enteritidis associated to ground beef Multistate outbreak of salmonella hadar infection linked to live poultry. (2012, July 23). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/ha dar-live-poultry-07-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak on hadar infection associated with live poultry. Multistate outbreak of salmonella capital of Uruguay infection linked to live poultry. (2012, June 21). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/montevideo-06-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak on montevideo infection associated with live poultry. Report of selected salmonella outbreak investigations. (2012, August). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks.html Investigation reports of specific outbreaks of salmonella during this year. ReferencesAgricultural Researc services. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.USDA.gov. CDC. (n.d.). Salmonella. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov.Controlling salmonella in poultry plants. (n.d.). Retrieved from USDA www.fsis.usda.gov Davis, C. P. (n.d.). What is salmonella. Retrieved from medicinenet www.medicinenet.com/salmonella/art icle.htm Food safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.FDA.gov.Foodborne Illness and disease. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.USDA.gov. FDA. (n.d.). The new FDA food safety modernization act. Retrieved from www.fda.gov. History of typhoid fever (salmonella). (n.d.). Retrieved from www.globalsecurity.org. Salmonella symptoms. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.salmonellatreatment.org. Salmonella questions and answers. (n.d.). Retrieved from USDA www.fsis.usda.gov Salmonella. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.