Behavioral and Socio-Emotional Approaches to Treatment and Research Proposal

Behavioral and Socio-Emotional Approaches to Treatment and Interventions for Individuals with Autism - Research proposal ExampleAutism is a serious disorder affecting children. Thousands of parents in all parts of the world vitrine the challenge of autism in their children. Much has been written and said about the nature and consequences of autism for children. Unfortunately, how to deal with autistic children body a matter of hot professional debate. The complexity of the problem is associated with the fact that autism leads to the development of other, related disabilities, such as attention deficit disorder, language disorders, and even Tourettes syndrome (Olney, 2000). Moreover, the complexity of autistic disorders mandates the development of unique, individualised approaches to individuals with autism. The current state of literature provides sufficient information to develop new and improve the existing interventions for individuals with autism. A combination of socio-emot ional and behavioral approaches could become a valid response to the difficulties encountered by individuals with autism.Interventions and Approaches to Individuals with Autism Historical BackgroundAutism is right considered as one of the most complex and controversial neurological disorders affecting children. The history of autism research dates rearward to the beginning of the twentieth century, when scientific interest in the physical and natural sciences, as well as professional interest in psychology and cordial sciences rapidly increased (Schopler, 2001). Researchers in psychology and social sciences borrowed their research methods from physical sciences and scientific technologies (Schopler, 2001). More often than not, scientific methods were used to study complex pagan phenomena mediated by human and political changes (Schopler, 2001). At that time, the growing body of psychological literature was create on experimental studies and their results, but could not predict complex behavioral patterns in humans (Schopler, 2001). Autism represented a rare case, when a previously unknown disorder was saved from the untested assumptions of psychodynamic theories that had produced a widespread misunderstanding of autism as a social withdrawal from emotionally cold parenting (Schopler, 2001, p.10). The growing scope of the cognitive revolution and the rise of theoretical analyses brought renewed interest in the theoretical study of autism. Later researchers were no longer interested in autism as merely a stimulus-response mechanism but tried to olfactory sensation deeper into the nature of mental actions in individuals with autism, such as attending, comprehending, thinking, and feeling (Scholer, 2001). In the latter half of the 20th century, the study of autism displayed a number of parallel developments, including behaviorism and neuro-biological specificity (Scholer, 2001). New directions, including cultural psychology, were developed (Scholer, 2001). In 1995, the American Psychological Association was required to develop guidelines for the selection of the most appropriate interventions and therapies for psychosocial aspects of physical disorders and mental disorders, and that was when autism came to the meaning of the research arena. Scholer (2001) writes that

Family Involvement Model in Early Childhood Education Essay

Family Involvement Model in Early childishness Education - Essay ExampleThe primary teachers of children are the parents or guardians, and the primary aim is the home. Education starts at home. The home is the foundation of breeding. Even when the children are going to school, the family continues to support learning at home. Learning does not begin and end at school. It is just where formal learning takes place and is just one of the venues for educating children.The family is a leave of the community. Support of the community in the Learning Programs of children makes education more effective. An active community operative hand in hand with families creates an enriching learning environment and a continuing learning venue from school for the children.Let us first define the period of early childhood. It begins from birth or infancy to get along five. This is the period when major transformations take place physical, social, intellectual, emotional and mental. It is the time w hen basic skills are learned which forms part of the learning foundation for use in later years. Basic skills include learning how to count, distinguishing letters, maintaining attention and recall experiences. This is the phase when children develop their self-concept, which is influenced in great part by what they see and experience at home. They in like manner develop their self-esteem and start to make friends at this period. ... The very basic theory deals with the basic require of children and how these are met. Where does learning come into the hierarchy of needs and what are the prerequisite needs to make the carry out of education more effective are questions addressed by this theory. These theories espouse the importance of social fundamental interaction in the development of children. The theories stress the effects of experiences from these social interactions as major factors in the habits, attitudes, views and the eventual learning success or failure of children.Ma slows Hierarchy of Needs is the virtually basic theory in a childs development. This is important so we may understand the priorities of children and the possible distractions they may have to learning. In psychology, it is a motivational theory where needs of people are placed in a hierarchy starting with the most basic needs at the base (Maslows Hierarchy of Needs). Abraham Maslow introduced the idea that the actions of people are determined by specific goals that they want to attain. A behavior is directed toward the satisfaction of a need. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is lots represented by a pyramid with five levels. The first four levels are concerned with physiologic needs and the topmost remaining level is concerned with growth needs. The premise is that the needs at the fag end or at the base have to be satisfied first before meeting the topmost need. Physiological needs like food, water, air, sleep and sex are at the bottom followed by guard duty needs like health, prope rty, employment and environmental security. The third level is Belongingness which includes family, friendship and love. Esteem including respect, self-esteem, accomplishments and confidence reconcile the fourth level.

Workshop report- the policy process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workshop report- the policy process - Essay ExampleDuring the workshop, each participants would bring their own experiences and would learn wider experiences and lessons from others. The workshop objectives were outlinedDr. Werner drive homeed an article about systematic competitiveness through by the scientists of a German Development Institute explaining that industrial competitiveness does not result from a stable macro-economic framework or of entrepreneurship in the micro-level. It is rather the dynamic interaction between state, enterprises and intermediate institutions and the cogency of the society to organise itself. Our nation if it wants to develop competitiveness in this way has to adopt new policies that leave behind reduce costs and increase revenues.It was clearly shown that the macro level has to secure stable conditions which guarantee the surgical procedure of the market. This is to be done through prioritising the budget and fiscal policy in maintaining a stab le monetary value and a governable budget deficit in the country. However, it was shown that the developing countries have been unable to puddle this measure. The trade policy under this macro level was said to have promoted active integration both by general or selective liberalization of imports.The ability of our markets to avoid exchange rates with an anti-export persuade was viewed as the tool that facilitated the creation of macro-level conditions thereby increasing industrial exports. Under the micro-level it was founded that the enterprises must manage their engineering and organisational structures and innovations. Continuous products and process innovation was said to be as a result of efficient perplexity technology. However, we were taken through a study of the Japan industry which had been done by one of the researchers present had proved the opposite.A new concept was therefore developed which provided that industrial production shall be aerodynamic in a three-pr opositional

Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Term paper - Essay fontIt has an incredible organization that has propelled its existence to date.Historic solelyy, Olympics dates as early as 776 BC however, several studies may differ on the exact date of the first gear Olympic event. Based on wide analysis, many studies widely accept 776BC as the inception date. It is a date that is based on inscriptions in Olympia a place where it is believed that the first Olympic event occurred in Greece. Notably, it is believed that the first Olympic events were largely religious and variation that were marked after every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece (Guttmann, pg. 22).Moreover, the first Olympic sports competition featured combat sports, athletics, wrestling and the pankration, a horse racing event. Surprisingly, it is believed that during these sporting events, all conflicting communities would keep off wars and resume after the event. Today, evidence points out that Zeus was a mall of animal sacrifices as rel igious observance of the event. Notably, winners of any events were highly regarded and were given special publicity done poems and statues. Evidently, the King Onesmaus of Pisatis is remembered for his prowess in horse chariot race and his statue remain an icon of admiration to advanced times.However, despite the huge attraction of magnitude of people, the cultural event started declining gain 6th and 5th BC due to the incursion of the Roman rulers. While there is argument on the exact year that apothegm the event close temporary, there is scholarly consensus that it was 393 AD. During this year, emperor Theodosius decreed that all religious, pagans and cult events be eliminated as the Romans exerted its power in the ancient Greece. Besides, other scholars argue that it was during the 426 AD when Theodosius the second destruction of Greek temples.following the harsh Roman rule in Greece, there was no any other documented games. It was a period that the

Three films that are amalgams of art forms Movie Review

Three accepts that are amalgams of guile forms - Movie Review ExampleThree famous films had etched an indelible mark of how the directors had approached the dissimilar themes.These films are Orson Welles Citizen Kane,Jean Renoirs Rules of the Game and Roberto Rosellinis Rome-Open City.Citizen Kane is deemed to be the best American film ever made. Its main theme is the corruption of the American dream. It asks us to question the very premise of the American dream. The movie is a dream in itself, depicting prosperity and influence inevitably linked to the autumn of relationships and personal values.As an archetype of film noir with an enormous influence on the development of that genre (Carringer, p. 86), it is riddled with various film techniques reminiscent of former(a) art forms such as realism, impressionism, expressionism, Baroque and realism.The film reminds visually of a newsprint which is especially appropriate in a film depicting semi-autobiography of a newspaper tycoon, utilize high-contrast black and white. The conflict-indicating lumber of this film is often emulated in the choices of costumes. For instance, an older troubled Kane is always seen dressed in plain white shirts and black suits man those around him are clad in less contrasting grey clothes. This collections the way Kanes internal power struggle of the public versus the private man is fiercely pictured.With regards to lighting, Citizen Kane similarly bears the immensity of the film-serving a variety of functions such as setting the tone of scenes, foreshadowing the dying of idealism, delineating the found of it to Kanes personality on a variety of characters. This quality of the film reminds us fully of Baroque art where light brings forth the drama in the scene. Comparing the depictions of Kanes early life, the quality of the light used was natural. The offbeat daylight style predominates in the parts dealing with Kanes rise to prominence, Here Kane is seen as a self-starter, an idealist, a reformer, a traditional type-the hope of the future embodied in a genuine American titan. By contrast, most of the harshly expressionistic scenes, compared to those enter in low levels of illumination, involve the later part of Kanes invoice after he has become a petty and ruthless tyrant (Carringer, p. 84) Xanadu, Kanes castle, is filmed at darkness time in the opening scene of the film. A lighted window and fogs illuminating effect run the only means of articulating the structure of Xanadu. An impressionistic scene, it presents an eerie vista which depicts loneliness and isolation, prompting the audience a mood of uneasiness or sadness.In a rally scene in Citizen Kane, Charles Foster Kane is filmed in long-shot some distance and thus he is dwarfed-though standing in front of a gigantic poster reproduction of himself. The immense contrast between the actual man and the image once again illustrates the public mans emergence and the private mans demise. Kanes po wer over others is often underscored in scenes where he dominates the foreground while other characters are relegated to the middleground.Citizen Kanes occasional interplay of light and shadow builds the character of the film. An example of this occurs when Kanes face is shadowed as he signs his Declaration of Principles prior to printing it in his newly-organized newspaper. The film maker often depicted other characters literally in Kanes shadow so as to illustrate the enormous influence of Kanes personality-and the destructive quality of his presence (Sobochack, p. 73).Subject movements in Citizen Kane has to do with the use of the wide-angle lens, when Kane is filmed from a distance and however is allowed to traverse that distance with a minimum of steps. Camera is often tilted in order to show entire scenes at a certain angle. A glaring symbolism that illustrates a world bypast askew. When Kane takes over The Enquirer, the newspaper office is depicted at an angle in order to f oreshadow Kanes ensuant loss of dignity and integrity. Susans cluttered room is also shot at an

Main goal of a business organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Main goal of a avocation organization - Essay ExampleIt is recommended that Navigation Systems, Inc. pay up front. It should be noted that the current puffiness rate in the European Union where Germany is a part of is in an uptrend. Table 1 shows the pretentiousness rate of EU from 2000 to 2006. The previous year reports an inflation rate of 2.3% which is the highest in the s redden-year-period. The introduction of a maven denomination in the European Union has been unable to curb the high levels of interest rates. Thus, the company expects that even if the cost of the GPS circuit card is relatively lower priced when it is paid six months before delivery at an inflation rate of less than or equal to 1.4%, this will situation will be unthinkable given the prevailing inflation rate. Paying up-front will entail the company to pay 1.47 million, lower than the 1.478016 at the cost at an inflation rate of 2.4% which expected by the IMF for 2007.

Motivation -wk3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation -wk3 - turn up ExampleWhen I look at my description of a good day, I can study that emotionally I would be feeling happy and peaceful during the day. I would have autonomy because I was working alone, getting things done, and having good conversation with a friend. This would be my example of autonomy support. I cogitate that competence would be shown in my ability to do my job well and identify prospects to finish. This action gives me a high feeling of competence. Structure is very important to me and the much organized I am, the more effective I fee. My conversation with my friends appeals to my sense of involvement because the conversation showed we be caring batch and we enjoy macrocosm together. This action brings me a sense of well being and I feel that I am love by my friend and my family.Reeves (2009) states that vitality is associated with the way in which people feel during a good day. When people feel autonomous, competent and interpersonally related (p . 168) they also feel vital or like their life has meaning. In terms of psychological need, people need to feel a sense of self-worth in anything they do. I would value that a person who is feeling vibrant and needed would be more motivated to do more than those who are not. Motivation would be enhanced for someone when they knew they were needed.My final project will research the educational needs of teenagers in Liberia. I will concentrate on the needs of teenage girls. This is a friendly change issue because there are many challenges that girls in Liberia have that influence their education. Some of these challenges are teen pregnancy, rape, and fall out from their past civil war. I would like to understand the motivation for teens to bewilder educated despite all of these issues.Generally speaking, in most countries teens may be motivated to change state educated because the laws say that children must go to school from an early age to about the age of 18. In Liberia, the

Identity theft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Identity theft - Research Paper casingIdentity theft involves the use of another individuals soulal information in severalize to gain portal to financial or other information that would serve to benefit the criminal in some way. Identity theft has become an increasing difficulty globally in recent years, causation millions of people undue emotional, psychological, and physical trauma. In addition to this, the issue has cost guild quite a lot of money. The heartache caused has limited access to critical services and denied credit availability to millions of honest and unflagging citizens around the world, and in particular the United States. It is a serious issue that needs to be tackled immediately before spiraling even further out of control. The aim of this study is to discuss the seriousness of the problem and to explore various ways that society can begin to protect itself from the evils of identity operator theft wretched forward. Problem Statement The problem is th at identity theft is destroying the financial security and freedom of countless individuals worldwide. As honest people film their identities stole, they are subject to a potential loss of credit access, have difficulty in gaining employment, and they may encounter problems of various sorts with law authorities. Upon becoming a victim, individuals must oft hard to prove that their identity was stolen in the first place, often causing a great recognise of anguish throughout the process. Governments and other officials across the globe are currently implementing measure to prevent identity theft, but the problem continues to grow exponentially (Adomi & Igun, 2008). The five major types of identity theft in humans today, and that form the basis for this study, are 1) Criminal identity theft, 2) Financial identity theft, 3) Identity cloning, 4) Medical identity theft, and 5) Child identity theft. This study examines each of these areas in an effort to help the reader understand the pattern signs of identity theft and assists them in the avoidance of becoming a victim themselves in the future. Relevance and entailment of Understanding Identity Theft As has been discussed to this point, identity theft is a serious issue that must be tackled across all segments of society. It affects nearly everyone in our culture, either directly or indirectly. Even if a person is not a victim on their own, they often pay the price for the crime in other ways. An individual who has fallen victim to any of the major types of identity theft often stick themselves embroiled in years of turmoil and strife trying to set the record straight. Families can be denied mortgages, criminals set free, and hospital services rendered to people who have no right to the benefits. These are just a few of the ills that can be realized as a result of identity theft. When honest members of society go to utilize certain services, which they are rightfully entitled to, they can quickly that they a re denied access because someone else is using their name and personal information. It is an unfair burden to be sure, but one which criminal have bought to the forefront of modern reality. For these reasons, it is critical that we understand the issues surrounding how identity theft occurs and how to prevent it piteous forward. That reality forms the focus for this study. Criminal Identity Theft Criminal identity theft involves one person committing a criminal act, proceeding to get arrested, and then

Dr Martin Luther Kings I have a Dream Speech Assignment

Dr Martin Luther Kings I have a Dream Speech - Assignment ExampleIt seeks to redeem the promise for the Negroes of America to as well equ every(prenominal)y enjoy the riches of freedom and the security of justice.The speech became very effective that it became oneness of the greatest speech of all time because it effectively used the rhetorical devices of pathos, ethos and logos. The speech began by foment the audience through the use of ethos or emotion by first mentioning the broken promise of the freedom Proclamation which should have freed the Negro slaves and yet the Negro is still enslaved. They are still being discriminated against not only in the buses and restaurants but also in opportunities which America had promised to give everybody an equal access. He detailed the plight of the Negro as he languished in poverty and misery which his audience could relate. Further, he strike out this flamed emotion (ethos) by appealing to their desires to be free and equal by the sp eechs primary(prenominal) theme of his fantasy which is also the dream of every Negro. As Dr Martin Luther King enunciates his dream, he called for restraint and mavin as they struggle for equality with everybody. This sobriety despite mass support reinforced his ethos or oneness of character. He could have called for a revolution and with his popularity, his supporters and people would have heeded. But Reverend King chose to remonstrance and air his grievance peacefully.It has to be remembered that Luther King is a Pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Being such, Dr King is highly respected and embodied the ethos of his speech. His speech, while it calls for activism when he mentioned now is the time supports the stateliness of his character as he pursue that dream of his saying I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be make low, the rough places plains and the crooked places will be made straight , and before the Lord will be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.The Logos or the logic of the speech is undeniable.

Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lab report - Essay ExampleThe method of m botheable testing is conducted by a bendable testor in which the test specimen is clamped and smashed and subjected to a tensile force until the point of failure. express- wrinkle curves are an extremely Copernican graphical measure of a materials mechanical properties (Roylance, 2001). Stress is defined as the force of resistance offered against the overrefinement and Strain is defined as the ratio of the change in length to the original length of the member (Ramamrutham, 2003). The stress-strain curve for the specimen is an important method of characterizing the behavior of the material and adjudging its suitability as a material for any function. Almost all the materials, obey Hookes law in the early portion of the curve i.e. at low strain which states that stress is proportional to strain with the constant of proportionality be the Youngs modulus, E Stress = Strain ? Youngs Modulus. As the strain increases, the linear proportionali ty comes to an end at a point termed as the proportional limit and marks the beginning of the plastic phase rearrangement of the specimen. Plasticity requires molecular(a) mobility and materials lacking this mobility are usually brittle rather than ductile. Polymeric materials behave both as syrupy fluids as well as elastic solids. They are viscoelastic materials (Koustos, 2002). The stress-strain curve of a polymer is different from those of separate materials. The critical point in the stress-strain curve is the yield point beyond which the material enters the plastic deformation state. Experimentation The experiment was conducted to obtain the stress-strain curve of polymer samples and study their behavior under the application of tensile force. For this test, polymer samples were loaded and clamped in the tensile testing mold. The tensile testing machine that was used was Instron 1026. The tensile testing machine pulls the sample from both ends and measures the force required to pull the specimen apart and how much the sample stretches beforehand breaking. The testing was done on four different specimens PE (polyethylene from a shopping bag), PP (polypropylene from plastic folder), gum elastic (natural arctic from a rubber band) and Acetate (cellulose acetate from an overhead transparency). The specimens were obtained by cutting the polymer samples into appropriate lengths. The thickness and comprehensiveness of the samples were measured before stretching each one of them and putting them in the tensile tester. The dimensions of the specimens are interpreted with the aid of calipers for precision. Results and Discussion The stress-strain curves for the various test specimens are as follows Figure 1 Stress-Strain meander of Rubber (Poly-Isoprene) Figure 2 Stress-Strain Curve of Acetate (Cellulose Acetate) Figure 3 Stress-Strain Curve of PE (Polyethylene) Figure 4 Stress-Strain Curve of PP (Polypropylene) S. no. Test name Tensile Strength (MPa) E longation at failure 1 PE 11.1 26% 2 PP 23.5 738% 3 Rubber 4.1 575% 4 Acetate 1 181.9 131% 5 Acetate 2 297.3 114% 6 Acetate 3 166.9 93% It can be observed from the graphs that the stress-strain curve of acetate was obtained thrice. The possible commentary for this can be that cellulose acetate exhibits different tensile strengths at different states dry, wet & after being boiled (Stadlinger). The difference in

Compare and contrast the development strategies of Mao Zedong and Deng Essay

Compare and contrast the evolution strategies of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. Examine the successes and failures of each strategy - Essay ExampleThe focus on economic and awkward reform is what made the two leaders very similar. That is, they were both concerned about improving their country through agricultural and economic reform. More so, they were both communists looking forward to lead China in that direction. They both started many social, cultural and economic reforms in which some failed and some were successful. According to Deng, socialism was a means to economic development (Ash, Howe and Kueh 2013, p.15). Deng Xiaoping has been identified as a good leader whose actions led to the proceeds of the Chinese society. On the other hand, Maos actions resulted in more damage than good for the Chinese citizens.Notably, Mao Zedong suggested many strategies in the establishment of Chinese socialism. Some of these included large-scale land reforms and collectivization of agricu lture, which were meant to recover the economy and modernize China. In addition, he transformed the living standards of individuals in rural areas by improving healthcare and introducing middle-school education (Bramall 2008, p.549). The land reforms were marked with the enactment of the Agrarian Reform Law of 1950, which aimed at dismantling Chinas feudal system (Shen 2000, p.3). After land reforms, individuals were able to produce more and the increased production provided enough raw materials for industrial development. Thereafter in 1958, Mao introduced the Great give Forward under which high targets were created for industry and agriculture. Mao hoped that China could catch up with Britain in marque and other industries, and so he introduced the collectivization of agriculture under which individuals were to leave their land and join cooperatives. However, this policy failed and had catastrophic impacts as individuals working incentives declined leading to food shortage. Abo ut fifteen gazillion Chinese people lost their lives due to

Organizational Intelligence Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational light Policy - Essay ExampleTo remain warring and afloat in such a business environment, computer and development technology system of ruless moldiness get into on the search for revolutionary and forward-looking techniques not only for creating but also for collecting, storing, capturing, organizing, managing, and distributing data/ experience through its structure. Importantly, these techniques should allow for the easy and potent retrieval of needed information at the convenient moments (Ali et al., 2007). Organizations must however appreciate the level and nature of skills and competence required to develop and apply such friendship and data management practices and techniques. Besides the need for IT and computer system executives, managers, systems analysts to be skilled and possess the agonistic edge to perform the above functions and realize their data-related objectives, it is important that effective and elaborate Intelligence Organization policies a tomic number 18 developed to ensure processes related to data collection, database systems shelter measures, data storage, diverse knowledge availability, information update, empirical decision-making processes, and data management training argon not only relevant but also effective and support the attainment of organizational and personal growth among employees (Ali et al., 2007). ... Organizational intelligence Policy Organizational Intelligence refers to the capacity and the ability of an organization to utilize various methodologies, concepts, techniques, and tools to achieve information or knowledge-related functions and processes, including data collection, database systems security measures, data storage, diverse knowledge availability, information update, data-based decision-making processes, and data management training (James, 1999). A become Organizational Intelligence policy should, of most importance, outline the purposes for which the OI has been developed. First, a n Organizational Intelligence policy should ensure that an organization comprehends and makes productive conclusions from all the knowledge/information relevant to its operations and objectives (James, 1999). Second, an IO should outline an organizations abilities to part knowledge, data/information to create sense out of complex business situations, prompting employees and managers to act appropriately, increase on the opportunities presented by immediate or past circumstances. Third, an OI policy should be helpful in set off an organizations ability not only to interpret but also to act on relevant circumstances, signals, or events in its environment. Fourth, an Organization Intelligence policy should promote the development, sharing, and usage of all information and knowledge relevant to an organizations purposes by the promotion of learning by experiences and exposures. Gathering contender Intelligence As the IT and computer industry develops, it becomes necessary that organ izations develop an OI policy that would ensure the above functions are developed towards the building of a stronger, more relevant, and equally competitive Organizational

Women Roles in Near and Middle Eastern, African and European Societies Research Paper

Women Roles in Near and middle(a) Eastern, African and European Societies - Research Paper ExamplePrior to the advent of Islam, the role and condition of women was capable on the tribe and area they belonged to or e.g. the Bedouin, the tribes of the south of the Arabian Peninsula, the tribes of Mecca and so forth But the overall motive was still very bad because of the prevalence of customs like infanticide and unlimited polygamy. Women had virtually no licit status and no right to either inheritance or to divorce. V. M. Moghadam studied their situation and argues that the position of women was in the main influenced by the extent of urbanization, industrialization, and the political ploys of the management (Moghadam 4-9). Women had no role in the politics and had no voting rights. They were good only for producing male babies female babies were even buried alive out of shame. Women were sold into marriages by their guardians and the suitor could end the marriage whenever he l iked. Hatoon al Fassi, a Saudi historian, studied much primarily historical origins of Arab womens rights by using evidence from the ancient Arabian kingdom of Nabataea. Her findings indicate that Arab women in Nabataea had free-lance legal personalities but they lost many of their rights through ancient Greek and Roman law front to the arrival of Islam. Many of these constraints became the part of the culture and were retained even after the advent of Islam (al-Fassi 12-18).The advent of Islam brought a lot of betterment for the condition of the women. They were given the right of inheritance and their consent was made necessary in marriage according to the edicts of Islam. Female infanticide was strictly prohibited. Quran, the Holy Book of Islam, carried the instructions that made elevated the status of women in the society. Where women were previously not allowed to get a formal education, its acquirement was made mandatory for some(prenominal) men and women in Islam. Women w ere seen in many roles after the arrival of Islam, as educators, teachers, and scholars and even as businesswomen. Women were prepare working in a wide range of commercial activities and diverse occupations, for e.g. as farmers construction workers, lenders, dyers, spinners, investors, doctors and nurses, presidents of guilds, peddlers, brokers, scholars, etc. Muslim women also had domination over certain branches of the textile manufacturing which was the largest and most specialized and market-oriented industry at the time, involving them in occupations such as dyeing, spinning and embroidery. In comparison and stark contrast, the property rights and pursue labor for females were relatively uncommon in Europe until the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and nineteenth centuries. Similarly, women started playing an important role in the foundations of Islamic educational institutions, such as Fatima al-Fihris founding of the University of Al Karaouine in 859. This positive trend continued through to the 12th and 13th centuries, when one hundred and lx mosques and madrasahs were established in Damascus out of which twenty six were funded by women through the Waqf (charitable trust or trust law) system (Lindsay 191-196). Women of the contemporary Arab world

Balanced Scorecard in Performance Management Research Paper

Balanced Scorecard in procedure Management - Research Paper ExampleThe concept of balanced scorecard was initiated by Kalpan and Norton at the offshoot of 1990. The balanced scorecard is a strategic management tool used by organizations for the purpose of bill their performance. While measuring the performance level it considers factors such as employee knowledge, customer satisfaction, and innovation of the company (Cambridge Dictionaries Online, n.d.). It provides slipway to the organizations for balancing strategic priorities and other associated factors such as customers, finances, processes and people. The balanced scorecard also ensures that the performance standards at both individual and organizational level remain balanced (Houldsworth & Jirasinghe, 2006, p.143). It not only offers a fabric for performance measurement but also enables planners to discover what must be accomplished and measured. A count of companies have therefore incorporated balanced scorecard into th eir system of operation, so as to facilitate effectual and well-organized performance measurement system. These organizations with the help of performance management have been able to align their strategies & visions with the business objectives. In the context of the study, Boston Scientific Corporation has been chosen to assess how balanced scorecard can be utilized for optimal organizational performance. Hence before getting into a further discussion, a sketch introduction of the organization has been presented in the next half of the project. Boston Scientific Corporation A brief Overview Boston Scientific Corporation manufactures and markets medical devices. The company was founded in the year 1979 and has its present base of operations in Natick, Massachusetts (Boston scientific, n.d.). Boston Scientific Corporation or BSC was founded by John Abele.

Asset Management at Wolseley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Asset Management at Wolseley - Essay eventThis is in a bid to expand its market and increase its profits in the highly competitive market. However, it is evident that the investment rates have been fluctuating according to the risk factors identified by the associations experts. Some of the risk that determines whether Wolseley will invest or not include economic factors, brisk business models, margin pressures, liquidity and funding from financial institutions and other critical risk factors (Hastings 87).In cases where the ships company recognizes that the investment does not generate the expected profit margins, it considers disposition. One of the recent cases involved the companys consideration of disposing of its French arm, after the realization that the European markets had become unbearably difficult. Reports indicated that an analysis of the situation revealed that Wolseley would both close down the arm or limit the investment towards it. Other situations include the Danish market, induce the company to consider disposition. The team of experts assigned the role of strategizing on investment and disposition has d unitary a remarkable task in management (67). This is the reason why the company is a leader among its competitors.As highlighted in the table above, Wolseley had placed increased importance on the importance of goodwill as one of its intangible assets. However, with time, the company has expanded its view of intangible assets to include trade means, customer relationships, and brand. The company has make remarkable efforts of upholding its integrity in a bid to protect its reputation, which has proved to be a probatory asset. Wolseley now plans to invest in the other highlighted intangible assets in the future.

2000 Trade Agreement with China and the Damage it has caused to the Research Paper

2000 Trade Agreement with China and the Damage it has caused to the United States - Research Paper utilisationThis commensurateness came as a result to the current conceding to China of permanent ordinary heap relations position by the United States Congress, paving the way for Chinas entrance into the conception Trade Organization. Given that the United States has long complained in relation to the huge hatful shortage with China, this agreement should develop the bilateral raft balance in support of the United States. All the same, many long-standing trade concerns between China and the United States remain unsettled to the present. Identification and description Historical Event The realization of the event concerning trade between the ii nations stems for several years of long-term business. It is worth to mention that the both nations allow been doing business transactions before the implementation of the trade agreements in the year 2000. Notably, these two nations ha ve been benefiting from each other through various ways while doing business (Jialin, 2003). However, with reference to different statistics of the two nations, there is some understanding that China has had various benefits while causing some damages on the economy of the United States in the end. The understanding of this concern is well demonstrated throughout the entire backchat thoroughly. The main issue of concern is the different measures of the bilateral trade inequity by the two nations. ... In that case, distorting the bilateral trade equilibrium, and puff up the U.S. trade shortage with China (Ransom, 2001). A comparable fit is the weight of capital flow. The majority of Chinese export goods to the United States are manufactured by outward-processing organizations. some all returns accumulate to the United States and other foreign owners of such firms, whilst China gets only an insignificant manufacturing fee. fetching into consideration such aspects, the United State s trade imbalance with China is considerably smaller compared to the official entropy suggestions (Horn & Mavroidis, 2001). In its implication, there is no reason to make the whole issue a captive in the United States domestic partisan effort and consequently poison U.S. and China political connections. One of the external trade agreements is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and is also the foundation through which other trade agreements and frameworks have been formed for instance, the General Agreement on Trade in Services abbreviated as GATS. The agreement established major dominions to monitor business and trade operations among the member countries. The important principle is that of non-discrimination for foreign goods within the member countries. GATT also reduced trade barriers and tariffs to international trade including importation quotas and pitch equality (Jialin, 2003). The other principle harmonized the standards of goods and services internationall y thus establishing a regulatory cap for trade operations. Very soon, the global economy was closely integrated thanks to technological changes and the invention of the net (Murray & Raynolds, 2007). Later in 1995 the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established by the member

Probation officer Essay Example for Free

Probation officer EssayBeing a Probation Officer asshole be raise and ch every last(predicate)enging at the same era. You can mould a positive impact on one(a)s vitality. A Probation Officers main utilisation is to make sure that those released into his c atomic number 18 ar properly rehabilitated and obey to the terms of their probation. The officer also educates those released on probation on what they can and cant do during the probation period Probation and parole can be very cost efficient. In 2010, Larry J. Siegel wrote a propound stating that the U. S.spends about twenty five thousand dollars mean musical composition probation only spends two thousand. The government saves twenty trine thousand dollars by keeping inmates out of prison and keeps prisons from overcrowding. Dangerous poisonouss should be kept in prison instead of being let out and keeping minor wrongdoers in. Probation patrons offenders recover by allowing them to enter clubho persona with a d ifferent mindset. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to do such things as preserve employment, gain stick up and help from their loved ones and once again become a oil-bearing citizen.That cant be done in jail. Most prisoners have drug addictions. Keeping them in doesnt give them the help that they should be receiving. The offender being out and put on probation allows him to recover himself by taking get off the ground in a rehabilitation center. Cons thither is the issue of community safety. M whatever offenders pre displace a risk to community safety, even if its because the person persists in the risky behaviors associated with alcohol or drug abuse. orbit any offender free poses roughlywhat of a risk, however slight.The courts, judges, defense and prosecuting attorneys and probation personnel weigh these risks and symmetricalness them with the best interests of the probationer and victim. Usually, probation personnel monitor high-risk offenders closely th rough home arrest or electronic monitoring. Then there is the problem of victim concerns. Victims vary widely as to their perspective and feelings regarding probation for their offenders. In some cases, they whitethorn quickly forgive the individual and even build a relationship with them.In otherwise situations, they may petition the courts for harsh penalties. Probation allows the courts to monitor the defendants activities in the community while he works and repays any restitution that he or she owes his victims. Some victims, however, may c be more than about his punishment than reimbursement some(prenominal) offenders need minimal rehabilitation in order to become productive members of society. Completing substance abuse treatment or community service hours can motivate offenders toward accordance with probation requirements.They can stay in the community maintain family ties and work to contribute to their family. If these same offenders are sent to prison, they might beco me hardened and learn further criminal behavior, when they could have easily just remained oversee in society. Probation personnel can further monitor compliance with court terms and conditions. One of the patriarchal reasons that traditional probation hasnt been successful in rehabilitating offenders is much too often probationers are completely unsupervised.An offender on probation could simply fill out a one page report of their work activities and express this to their probation officer by mail. Offenders that are part of traditional probation programs have a recidivism rate of 65%. That means only 35% of probationers dont commit new offenses. Offenders are accommodated into half steering houses. This is where offenders have to postdate strict rules like curfew. Counsellors and psychiatrists are on call 24 hours a day to help clients with adjusting to away(p) life and coping with problems if they occur.Probation officers have a large number of offenders and they have a diff icult fourth dimension supervising them closely. This is because there are not enough probation officers to supervise offenders properly. Probation officers have offenders mail in a form weekly or monthly and there is a checklist that an offender has to follow and answer, employment and any law infractions. Pros Cons our stance we are on the pro side of both probation and parole, as we believe they can be greatly beneficial to both the community and the offenders whom are placed in these programs.Granted, not all cases are a success, but we believe that the criminal justice system would be a distant worse place without probation and parole. (Larry J. Siegel) A Probation Officer plays a key role in changing ones ways that may not be suitable for the customarys view. The public sees these offenders as no good and bets they should be removed from our communities and placed in confinement. Knowingly this may crack the issue of ones misbehavior for a short length of time but there are galore(postnominal) more out their committing these same crimes. So what possibly should be done other than confining these offendersfor long or short periods of time, and in an eight by ten cell? Well, a rehabilitation program set up when the offenders is released. This rehabilitation program may also be compel upon release from jail or prison depending on the offenders circumstances. Rehabilitation comes in many different forms such as, drug and alcohol classes. A person committing a crime that involved the use of drugs and or alcohol would be required to attend these classes upon release from jail, for a period of thirty days, sessions or the judges discretion.There are such classes that revolve around anger management classes this would answer an offender in learning how to deal with anger issues and present those ways to relieve ones stress, anxiety, or just the urge to combat. Rehabilitation also involves community service. Such offenders would be required to get up at a local agency (Caltrans), and on a daily background be required to show up at a set time and clean-up the sides of freeways, under roades, parks, and communities. This would be a way to assist an offender in being accepted back into his or her community.Becoming a Probation Officer, as of 1995 virtually every state has a Probation Officer program in place for young and of age(predicate) law offenders. The duties of Probation Officers vary from state to state. A Probation Officer give meet with the offender on a regular basis and will provide guidance to the offender that will help the offender make wear out decisions in life. In the hope the offender will conform to the laws. Other duties can accept field work such as locating an offender whos failed to report as concord and also testifying in a court regarding the probation violation(s).A life as a Probation Officer will be interesting and challenging. Probation Officers must have a keen interest in both criminal justice en forcement and helping young and old law offenders. Being a Probation Officer requires performing some(prenominal) duties and putting in a great amount of time and energy. This charge provides a unique hazard to intervene in the lives of criminal offenders and provide an opportunity for reform. The career comes with safety risks, but many contemporary officers relish the opportunity to make a difference in not only ones life but a community as a whole.When it comes to the benefits of a Probation Officers career, one may think the benefits are gracious but in fact a probation officers pay can be rather low, about forty five thousand dollars a year on average. Not considerably drear for a starting salary and if just coming into the work force. These benefits may or may not increase over time but other benefits include medical, dental, vision and 401k plans. These other benefits can be seen as a great deal as well because one does need a career that will help them in a time of nee d.Other benefits one may see are the fact of being able to deal with various situations and scenarios on a day to day basis not to mention the thrill and risks waiting every day. Many need to know what it takes to become a probation officer. Well, you must be at least twenty years of age, have at least a bachelors degree on up to a masters degree, depending on what probation role you are tasteing. Some physical fitness also plays a role in this position you want to be physically active with exercises, walking, jogging etc.This will assure the apprehension of an offender in the event he or she tries to run or fight. A background check will be conducted, you must pass. If all goes well and you are accepted for an interview, you will meet with the interviewing party and answer some question and also this is the time in which you also may ask questions that you seek answers to. You must pass the interview process sometimes more than one interview will be conducted. After bridal you w ill have to drug test and pass. And on toward the career you have been seeking awaits you.Life as a probation officer can be stressful. This can affect a persons life at work and home. The position requires dedication and time. You must be dedicated to the laws set forwards by the concourse and willing to spend the time it takes to assure ones attempt to being rehabilitated. A probation officer acts as a liaison between the courts orders to the offender and respond on the offenders behalf when the offender has both completed his or her court orders or the offender violates one or all the orders set forth by the court.These determinations will determine whether the offender is released from probation or determine that the offender cannot be rehabilitated at the time and needs to spend the rest of their time in incarceration. Anyone can become a probation officer so as long they want to help societys not so best, become better and get rehabilitated. This position requires education , physical demand, and stress no doubt. There are some qualifications that must be met but the outcome is great. The benefits are awesome and most wouldnt be disappointed.With this all being state you may now know whether or not a probation officer is the job for you. If Probation sounds like something you may be interested in, get information and ask questions. There is plenty more information to seek out. The career of a probation officer is not only rewarding and challenging, but comes with great benefits. If helping people is the answer to your future this position can be a great place to start. There are risks and opportunity that come with changing someones life whether they are young or old. Many probation officers relish the opportunity to change the lives of law offenders.

Economic Analysis Essay Example for Free

Economic Analysis EssayThe enthusiasm, as advantageously as the anxieties that is gene yardd by the working of the rescue of the joined States is non proficient US economy gene evaluate is not just obvious but also easy to understand. The United States, with a gross domestic product of 13. 2 jillion USD, and a population of 300 million (with an average y betimes per capita income of more than than 44,000 USD), is the largest economy of the military man (CIA Factbook, 2008). Its currency, the US dollar, even in the throes of its greatest monetary crisis, is the worlds preferred currency, and its food markets the worlds biggest. In diversity and amount, the natural resources of the boorish atomic bout 18 greater than those of about other countries. M any(prenominal) US industries ar global leaders, and it remains the favorite marketing target for companies from across the world. With the US being the largest trading participator for numerous north and south countri es, a large portion of the global economy relies upon US outlay for survival significant changes in its pattern can lead to global euphoria or gloom. The execution of instrument of the US economy is influenced by an assortment of local anesthetic and international factors.Distinguished by particularly junior-grade government control, a guiding principle that was first chosen by the founding fathers and followed painstakingly perpetually since (Oppenheimer, Reddaway, 1989). Although the government stipulates regulations and ensures inviolability of contracts, most micro frugal decisions are taken by private firms and corporations. (Rowe Silverstein, 1999) Governmental and provideeral book activities occur mainly through the modification of tax policies, changes in inte tranquillity order, and control of money impart their endeavor being to push the economy in chosen directions rather than to compel it to take up preferred paths.(Oppenheimer, Reddaway, 1989) The last two d ecennarys comport been particularly turbulent for the economy, marked by sharp expansion, effortless slowdowns, and the occurrence, in 2008, of a slump of dimensions sharp enough to affect the economic fortunes of numerous nations and millions of sight. This assignment aims to judge and analyze the performance of the economy from 1990 until the present day, taking up various economic developments, the reasons behind the same, and their local and global impact. Commentary Overview of 1990 to 2001The economic performance of an extremely intricate and influential economy uniform that of the US relies upon various local and global developments the likes of investment fundss, agricultural, manufacturing and service activity, exports and imports, global and local commodity impairments, currency strength, fluid incomes, and consumption patterns. It is also influenced by fiscal and monetary measures like changes in tax policies, reside judge on loans, and reserves of banks, as well as by ongoing developments like price rises, capriole levels, and induction of fresh participants into the work force.Whilst the United States is one of the leading exporters of coal, wheat, corn, and soybeans, its continuous and steady economic offshoot has increased its dependence upon other countries for oil and many other raw materials. In fact the country had become a leading consumer of practically every sort of raw material by the mid-sixties and proceeds continued to rise thereafter. The 1970s and the eighties, the decades that preceded the mid-nineties, were difficult ones and were distinguished by slow economic harvest-tide and inflation.While the period was marked by the entry of Japanese industry onto the global stage, the oil price shocks, and the forced bailout of Chrysler, it also witnessed the emergence of the service industry and the numerous small businesses in the United States. Whilst the 1980s saw a reducing in inflation rates and the creation of millions of personal line of credits, such developments were accompanied by drastic increases in military expenditure, Medicaid and Medicare costs, corporate debt and household borrowing (Julius, 2005).Thousands of banks fai take because of a combination of reasons that included eminent-pitched inflation and interest rates, bad loans to developing nations and speculative real estate ventures. The total national debt reached a figure of 290 billion US dollars, the highest till then. The US economic recovery commenced in 1991 and continued for the rest of the decade it was distinguished by a long period of constant growth and by strong performance in key economic indicators like growth, inflation, unemployment and interest rates.Real growth in gross domestic product stayed at around 3 % for the whole period with a low of 2. 5 % and a high of 3. 9 % in 1998. Unemployment fell from a peak of 7. 5 % to 5. 6 % by the middle of the decade and to less than 5 % after 1997. Americas apprehend for ce changed markedly during the 1990s. Continuing a long-term trend, the number of farmers declined. A small portion of workers had concerns in industry, objet dart a much greater share worked in the service empyrean, in jobs ranging from store clerks to monetary innovationners.If steel and shoes were no longer American manufacturing mainstays, computers and the packet that make them run were. (The 1990s and beyond, 2008) Inflation, which had reached dangerously high levels in the 1980s also moderated significantly and remained below 3 % for most of the decade. The only area that witnessed volatility was the stock market, with stock prices rising by more than 60 % in the closing years of the decade on the back of low unemployment and commodity growth figures.The Dow Jones Industrial Average, which had stood at around 1,000 in the late 1970s, went up to as much as 11,000 in 1999, adding substantially to the wealth of many Americans (Julius, 2005). Whilst Clinton, who occupied the Presidency from 1993 to 2000, declared the era of big business to be over in the United States, he worked to strengthen market forces in areas like long duration telephony, reduced the size of the federal work force and ensured the continuance of most of the New Deal innovations (The 1990s and beyond, 2008).The economy was also helped greatly by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the consequent enlargement of trading opportunities. Technological advances lead to the introduction of a wide assortment of sophisticated new electronic products. legion(predicate) innovations in telecommunications and computer networking led to the development of a vast IT industry and revolutionized the operating methods and ways of numerous industries. After peaking at $290,000 million in 1992, the federal budget steadily shrank as economic growth increased tax revenues.In 1998, the government posted its first surplus in 30 years, although a huge debt mainly in the form of promised in store( predicate) Social Security payments to the baby boomers remained (The 1990s and beyond, 2008) The thrift in the 21st Century Whilst such developments led a number of economists to believe that the United States was entranceway a period of sustained economic growth, economic growth came to a halt in the early 2000s. Much of this was due to the slowing down of the investment boom and the economy went into recession in the twinkling half of 2001, cutting a ten year period of economic growth.Along with slowdowns in investment and the widespread crashing of dotcom organizations the economy was terribly hurt by the World Trade Center attacks worsened the economic situation. The recession was short lived and lasted for a period of 8 months and whilst the labor force continued to grow, its rate moderated significantly. Whilst the factual recession was short lived the following years were ones of slow growth. Growth in GDP, which was estimated at 2. 5 % in 2002 continued to be slow in 20 03 and unemployment rose significantly in 2003 (Julius, 2005).Huge corporate scams, like the ones at Enron and WorldCom led to erosion of domestic confidence and the recovery process remained slow and sluggish. The downturn in the US economy, which had spurred global economic growth during the 1990s led to a worldwide economic downturn, not just in Europe but also in Japan, Latin America and Southeast Asia (Julius, 2005). Consumer outlay increased only after the commencement of the war in Iraq and was accompanied by the improvement of most economic indicators.The movement of the economy in the 2000s can be broken up in three distinct sections, the recession of 2001 followed by sluggish growth in 2002 and 2003, sharp economic growth from 2004 to 2007 and financial crisis that enveloped the economy after the trapping crash and the mortgage disaster of 2007 (The 1990s and beyond, 2008). The years following 2003 witnessed a recovery powered by consumer spending as the federal Reserv e lowered interest rates and the government reduced taxes. The economy grew at an average annual rate of 3.1 % during this period, a rate not much lower than that achieved during the growth phase of the 1990s. The economy was also bolstered by a USD ergocalciferol billion spending on dwelling houseland security and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, a jump of 4 one million million USD in household debt and a 50 % increase in prices of real estate (The 1990s and beyond, 2008). With the Fed engineering finance at low interest rates, consumer debt, credit card, and vehicle loans went up from 7. 9 one thousand million USD to 12. 2 zillion USD, and US consumers went on a spending spree that had no precedent.Inflation was fuelled not just by increasing demand but by sharp increases in oil prices, which went up from 28 dollars a barrel in 2001 to the mid 60s in 2006 and finally to USD 148 a barrel in 2007 before the current crisis brought it crashing down. The rise in GDP in 2004-07 was undergirded by substantial gains in labor productiveness. Hurricane Katrina caused extensive damage in the Gulf Coast region in August 2005, but had a small impact on overall GDP growth for the year. Soaring oil prices in 2005-2007 jeopardize inflation and unemployment, yet the economy continued to grow through year-end 2007. (CIA Fact Book, 2008) Tragedy strike the US and global economy in 2007 in the form of the mortgage crisis when economists were predicting a boom the likes of which the world had never seen before. The majority of the problems impacting the US economy have come about because of the development of housing crisis. Whilst housing and construction activities had grown sharply since 2004, they slackened significantly in 2006 after successive interest rate increases by the Federal Reserve made monthly housing loan repayments substantially more costly for home mortgage holders.With loans having become far more expensive to service, the housing industry went into a s lump in 2006 with far lesser home sales on a Year on Year basis. The protraction of this phenomenon into 2007 led to a sharp economic slowdown and was in many ways responsible for the haste of the mortgage crisis. The sub prime mortgage financial crisis in the USA first evidenced itself in 2006, and assumed global proportions in mid 2007.With a combination of a number of economic causes like increased monthly repayment figures and declining home values restricting the inability of mortgage holders to meet their repayment terms, mortgage lenders, who until the had ridden the wave of real estate expansion, were hit with huge cash deficits and the inadequate securities to make good their losses (Bernanke, 2007). The emergence of the sub prime crisis led to the opening of a virtual Pandoras stripe of wrong and risky banking practices, and the financial bankruptcy and mortgage foreclosures of thousands of borrowers.It also led to the bankruptcy of huge financial institutions like Lehm an Brothers, the virtual collapse of a monolith like Citibank, the collapse of stock markets, the extinction of stock market fortunes of thousands of Americans and finally to a tremendous crunch in availability of funds and credit. Apart from creating havoc among financial institutions the crisis has also led to tremendous slowing down of economic activity, the loss of thousands of jobs, increasing unemployment, contraction of GDP and enormous economic uncertainty.The sub-prime crisis has put a huge suspect over broader economic functioning by choking spending and by impacting the progress of the building sector. Whilst most impartial observers are likely to set apart the sub prime crisis to the greed of borrowers and lenders, the lax policies of regulatory authorities is seen by many to be a major contributory factor for the development of this crisis. Laxity in the activity of the Federal reserve, which reduced interest rates in 2001 and kept them low for five years, is consider ed to be a major reason for the unheeding borrowing and lending practices that finally led to the sub prime crisis.The collapse of major banks and financial institutions has led to the development of an enormous credit crunch, with banks unable to lend money to businesses and to individuals. So far this year, 15 banks have failed, compared with three last year. And Wall Streets five biggest investment firms were swallowed by other companies, filed bankruptcy or reborn themselves into commercial banks to weather the financial storm (Bush Bailout Plan , 2008). With losses not being confined just to mortgage lenders, many banks lost billions of dollars in the bad mortgage debts that they had bought from mortgage companies.This in turn led to sharp reduction in the money available with them and made them unable to engage in any further lending activity. Businesses across a wide spectrum of industry and service sectors find it difficult to engender funds for operations and growth, a p henomenon that is seriously affecting their regular working, and leading to contraction of business activity, reduction in production and sales, and to reduction of workforce. Thousands of people have been laid off in the banking sector and job losses are now increasing across the spectrum of business companies, not just in the United States but across the world.Reduced employment figures, accompanied by lesser money availability with people who are fortunate enough to hold their jobs, is also leading to sharp drops in demand for a range of products, including automobiles and household goods, and leading to crisis conditions in various sectors of the economy. The US automobile industry, which has been going through a bad patch for the last few years, has been particularly badly hit, with mostly all companies announcing production cuts and job terminations. ConclusionThe duration and severity of the current financial crisis has led many analysts to compare it with the events of the G reat Depression, when 9,000 banks failed. Others heretofore feel that while the current crisis is undoubtedly horrific it is far away from reaching the levels of economic sadness that characterized the depression of the 1930s. Contracting money supply, tax increases, and protectionist tariffs, factors that were associated with the Great Depression are not present today. Unemployment levels, while rising today are also far below the levels of 25 % that were breached in the 1930s.Todays problem remains associated with the crisis of banking solvency, as is evident from the bankruptcies, forced takeovers and virtual nationalization of large private sector banks. Banks are desperate to first balance their banks and are looking for funds to stay afloat and direct their existing obligations rather than in providing fresh credit. The government of the United States has come out with a bailout plan that was first estimated at 700 billion US dollars and has now come up to nearly a trillio n dollars, a figure equal to the GDP of many prosperous West European economies.The bailout plan envisages the provisioning of hundreds of billions of dollars that the treasury can use to for the purchase of distressed assets, particularly mortgage backed securities and for making capital injections into banks. The purport of the bailout plan is to protect banks, stabilize the economy, improve liquidity, restore confidence in financial markets, and encourage consumption. The Federal Reserve has in recent weeks joined with other major central banks to reduce interest rates and the worlds top economic powers are getting together to take concerted action. much(prenominal) efforts are yet to show significant results and stock markets continue to remain depressed. Slowing consumer demand, labor productivity and, potentially, trade growth worsens the prospects of a mild recession. If the bailout does not soon restore financial stability-and many economists doubt that it will-bailing out the broader economy will require additional public funds and increase burdens on future taxpayers (Gokhale, 2008)Economists also estimate unemployment to increase to hit 7. 5 % by next year and most are in agreement that while the current crisis may not prove to be as severe as the great depression, economic recovery does not appear to be immediately visible and that the economy will remain difficult even if financial markets were to stabilize. In the meanwhile Americans will most belike have to live with shrinking salaries and reducing net worth at least for 2009.

Paraphrased Article Essay Example for Free

Paraphrased Article EssayThe Internet is get the town squargon for the global village of tomorrow. Bill Gates, Founder of the giant Microsoft Corporations Ltd. Internet has arguably blend one of the most indispensible parts of the lives of millions of people around the globe. There ar not many laws which get the usage of internet for collecting information about the political processes, persona or policies. A public man can readily get involved in the political process by accessing the internet, edition various articles or news on National Politics and give his/her view on the same. The disordered cost model of the internet is an effective tool to involve millions of global citizens and make them active members in the political systems. The article The Citizen Participation Gap Can the Internet Help? points out that the Internet is a medium which cuts across barriers and various sections of the society. It leverages from the varied friendly, political, and educational b ackgrounds of the pulmonary tuberculosisrs and thus adds multiple dimensions to the process of political participation. It is valuable to note that the usage of internet and age of the wasting diseaser are inversely proportional.As people bring on old their internet usage goes down. For example,, most of the Internet users fall in the age group of 18-29 years. These users are active members of various social networking sites and many of them are online to investigate their political participation opportunities. Thus theoretically it could be claimed that it is the widespread reach and use of the Internet which has made it possible for young people ,to shape the largest captive audiences to be involved in the process of political participation. One of the recent examples of this could be seen in the Indian politics wherein the ex foreign minister Mr.Shashi Tharoor garnered massive support from his followers on the social networking site twitter while he was forced to resign afte r being caught in a controversy with the Indian Premier League. Various online campaigns supporting Shashi Tharoor came up and people expressed their views in the finished process. We are here to say, we support you Shashi Tharoor. Dont let them pull you down for you will take our hopes and dreams for a kick downstairs and brighter India with you. You bring to India everything we had ever hoped would change, and we stand by you, said a viewer on the Support Shashi Tharoor website.In the past decade the internet usage among people has gone up. More and more people use the Internet,, and it is being regarded as one of the most powerful mediums giving direct access to a citizen in the political process. Muir believes that the Internet participation of people is the cause of powerful govern. People comment on field of study or international news, spread their views and comments in the form of blogs and to some extent are instrumental in deciding the course of political development o f a news.Social networking sites like twitter helps people to be directly in touch with their favorite political leaders and give them their views and opinions. This proposal not alone increased the participation of citizens but also improved the quality of the projects. Exploring the past and present trends in the use of internet, Coglianese concludes that the Internet will remain a powerful source of information and participation in the future. In conclusion it could be said that in spite of many view points against the use of the internet, the positive influence of Internet on the participation of citizens cannot be denied.The internet provides a common man a program and gives them a chance to express their opinion and viewpoints, create their profiles, have a group of online supporters and influence changes in the political scenario. The amount of opportunities that the internet provides and individual to make friends and increase their social networks is massive. No doubt, th ere are a number of impediments to the efficient application of an Internet based government nevertheless, these obstructions can be dealt with in the years to come.. By Uma Subramanian

Who To Love Essay Example for Free

Who To Love EssayTo begin, solely of these stories be similar. This paper is going to be roughly how they are only similar. This is going to be some all of the stories that I read. The stories that I read are Sweet Potato Pie by Eugenia pitman Initiation by Sylvian Plath, and Lalla by Rosamunde Pilcher. These were three great stories and all of their plots were very similar so everyone evaluate the plots out. Firstly, this is going to be about the unforesightful chronicle that this class read called Sweet Potato Pie by Eugenia Collier. This is a great story and it is about a family that cannot afford to send all of their kids to nurture so they can only send one. They send this kid to school and then he goes to college. indeed he turns into the most educated one out of all of them and he makes the most money. He also has to learn though that he has to recognise his family the same and treat them the same as eternally. The next fiddling story that we read is called L alla by Rosamunde Pilcher. This is a very good story about young tidy sum in love. The life lesson in this story is to always succeed your heart.Lalla discovers if she follows her heart it will always idle words her in the right direction. An example of this situation in this story is when Lalla goes back to Carwheel to see Godfrey again, and to be with Godfrey forever. This very explains this story because she doesnt follow her heart the whole time until the end. To wrap it up this short story tells us all to follow our hearts and everything will be okay. Now this will be about the short story Initiation by Sylvian Plath. This story is about a girl that has to go by dint of a thing called Initiation. This stories life lesson is to not do stuff just because other quite a little are doing it. I think this should happen because when mass are not themselves they tend to be friends with the wrong people and lose their good friends. That is an example of not doing stuff because ot her people are doing it. In this short story the life lesson that the class learned is to always be yourself no matter what other people are doing. Lastly, all three of these stories talked about how and who people should love. Love is a great thing and it should always be devoted towardsthe persons family and others that they truly love. These three stories tell us this because no matter what these people in these stories always love their family. These stories were also about how people should follow their heart. All of these people in these stories follow their heart on who they should love and their heart always takes them in the right direction. All in all these stories are all very similar. These stories all teach people to follow their heart. It also teaches people to love who they want. It is all about loving the family and always following your heart to the right people.

Salmonella in USA Essay Example for Free

Salmonella in USA EssayI want to educate the reality, acquireers and individuals that be at guess of contracting this deadly affection called Salmonella. At risk individuals such as the elderly, infants, and those with impaired insubordinate systems atomic number 18 more than prone to getting a severe illness such as salmonella. heading and GoalThe objective is to educate the general macrocosm, farmers, and consumers of grocery stores, owners of grocery stores, consumers of restaurants, owners of the restaurants, cooks, chefs, viands handlers, and educational institutions about the health risks of the bacteria disease Salmonella. My goal for this public educational pattern is that the public take the in varietyation and realize from it and take the precautions to annul salmonella. Salmonella disease its transmitted to humans by contaminated regimen of puppet product line or pissing.Salmonella disease affects the entire human population but the quite a little at more risk argon children because their immune systems be immature and the elders because their immune system ar declining excessively people with immunocompromised diseases. People who leave in poor conditions are also in risk of contracting salmonella. After 12 to 72 hours of transmission system common symptoms of salmonella are fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhea usually the illness expirys 4 to 7 days. However in some cases the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized if the person its not hospitalized it butt authorize to d haveh.(CDC) Historical OutbreaksSpanish- American war (1898) in all, 20,738 recruits contracted the disease82% of all sick soldiers, 1590 died. A significant number of these deaths actually occurred at training area in the southeastern United States. (History of enteral fever fever (salmonella)) South African war (1899-1902) volcanic eruption in British camps- British troops befogged 13,000 men to salmonella the eructa tion was due to unhealthful towns and farms throughout Africa. (History of typhoid fever (salmonella)). In the early 1900s in unfermented York squanderery shame Mallon was the first famous carrier of typhoid fever in the U.S. Mary Mallon was a chronic carrier of salmonella she was hired as a cook at several closed-door homes, she work for 7 different families 22 cases of salmonella where inform and one death. (History of typhoid fever (salmonella))These early bams can be attributed to unsanitary living conditions and the bacterial tainting of food and water supplies. 1985 moolah United a Chicago dairy was involved in a salmonellosis outbreak involving 6 states with 16,000 confirmed cases.(CDC) More youthfully inform outbreaks in the U.S. involve different kinds of salmonella strains, predominantly S. Enteritidis and S. Typimurium. The center for disease falsify and prevention has a rogue with keys of selected salmonella outbreaks for this year it has at least 9 reports.S almonella infections has increase by 10% in U.S. in the last 15 years its estimated that 2 to 4 million cases of salmonellosis occur in the U.S. annually reported and unreported. (CDC) On January 2011 a FDA Food rubber modernization act was sing in to law this act establish standards for galosh produce, regulates food facilities, oversee imported foods and recalls of contaminated foods. (FDA) Also salmonella can be controlled by proper preparation of bird and pelt and suspendance of contamination of opposite food with uncooked bird products. probe and interrogation studies by the government to mitigate the impact of salmonella Research1- Inactivation of salmonella on love apple stem scars by acidic sanitizing solutions. Investigating stem scar sanitisation may re puzzle a worst case scenario model for inactivating salmonella from externally contaminated tomatoes. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of antimicrobial goal for inactivation of salmonella on t he surface of tomato stem scars. (Agricultural Researc services) 2- Biofilm formation by salmonella SPP on cantaloupe surfaces The research demonstrates that cells of Salmonella do not exist as single, solitary organisms, but insteadorganize together into biofilms. These biofilms form quickly on melon surfaces and are difficult to inactivate or remove. The formation of biofilms by cells of Salmonella is potential responsible for the limited efficacy of sanitizers. (Agricultural Researc services) 3- Microbial quality and precaution of X-ray irradiation.The research shows that irradiation destroys at least 99% of common foodborne pathogen within approved dosage. These pathogens such as salmonella are associated with poultry, meat and caller produce contamination. (Agricultural Researc services) The governments of some(prenominal) countries are playing their roles to mitigate the impact of salmonella. In United States the USDA (US designe section of agriculture) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has do coordinated efforts to address salmonella problems. They have given some recommendation for the gumshoe of the consumers from salmonella. 1- slipstream surface and hands often 2- no cross contaminate 3- cook to safe temperature 4- refrigerate immediately. professorship Obama signs the FSMA (Food safety modernization act) into law on January 2011. This act gives FDA new and improves authorities and mandates to protect consumers and promote public health. Responsibility for food safety is managed by a complex network of federal, state, local and territorial agencies (Food safety) The Centers for malady Control and Prevention (CDC) Oversees the country Salmonella infections frequency Supports the state and local health departments in outbreaks investigation and elaborates control measures. (Salmonella)The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) All foods imported are inspected Monitors inspections of all whole kit and caboodles dedicated to milk past( a)eurisation Recommends new techniques for better preparation of foods in food processing plants and restaurants Controls turtles sales. (Food safety)The US subdivision of Agriculture Overseas animal health issues Inspect all plant dedicated to pasteurization of testicle Is responsible for the quality of processed and slaughtered meat.(Foodborne Illness and disease) The US Environmental Protection Agency Monitors and regulates drinking water supplies safety.Data Collection TemplateName of the disease __Salmonella____Etiological agent __Salmonella_SymptomsMode of transmissionCauses bring factorsAge/gender/behaviors that may put individuals at riskRecent cases of outbreakFactors leading to recent outbreakTreatmentPreventive measures*fever*abdominal cramps*diarrhea*chills*nausea*vomiting*muscle stomachWater and food (animal food, vegetables, fruits)Uncooked chicken or unwashed fruits or vegetablesPoor or unsanitary conditionsOwn a bird or reptileEntire human population more risk chi ldren and elders and people with immunocom promised diseases 10 reports during 2012See below (2012 salmonella outbreak)Animal fecesGrowingconditionsAntibioticsGood diet a lot of fluids andantimotilitydrugsGood hygiene entrustWashing vegetable and fruitsAdequate cooking of meats and peltSalmonella enteric bacteria its a bacteria that causes diseases in the intestinal tract the bacteria attacks the intestinal protect and inflammation occurs. The symptoms include nausea, chills, abdominal pain, vomiting, muscle aches and fever. Salmonella affects the body by three clinical forms of salmonellosis 1) gastroenteritis (S Typimurium) 2) blood poisoning (S. choleraesius) and enteric fevers. Clinical identification of salmonella its done by laboratory test such as biochemical and serological test a stool or blood specimens are planted on an agar media to determine the presence of salmonella also a phenol red test its used.Salmonella treatments are Antimotility drugs to stop the diarrhea and in case that its suspected that salmonella bacteria its in the blood antibiotics are prescribe to kill the bacteria. Also drinking a lot of fluids to prevent dehydration and take in a healthy diet. During this year (2012) the centers for diseases control and prevention has 10 reports of selected salmonella outbreak investigations a total of 1307 individuals are reported septic 264 are hospitalized and 5 deaths. Each of these cases had or still been investigated by CDC to find the origin cause of the salmonella outbreak I only going to mention the last 5 of the reports.Salmonella outbreaks 20121- Reported on August 29, 2012 Mangoes- salmonella braenderup In 16 states 105 persons infected 25 hospitalized 0 deaths probe state public health officials are conducting interviews with ill persons 70% of the ill persons reported eating mango during a hebdomad before getting ill. 2- Reported August 17, 2012 Cantaloupe-salmonella Typimurium In 21 states (Georgia state included) 178 perso ns infected 78 hospitalized 2 deaths (Kentucky) Investigations indicated the chamberlain farms produce, Inc. from Indiana its the source of this outbreak 3- Reported July 23, 2012 Ground Beef- salmonella Enteritidis In 8 states, 40 persons infected 11 hospitalized 0 deathsInvestigations indicate that ground beef produced by Cargill meat solutions its responsible for this outbreak 4- Reported July,23, 2012 Live poultry salmonella hadarIn 11 states 37 persons infected 8 hospitalized 0 deathsInvestigation results from laboratory test and trace back findings link a company from Idaho.5- Reported June 21,2012 Live poultry-salmonella capital of UruguayIn 22 states (Georgia state included) 76 persons infected 17 hospitalized 1 death Investigation Estes Hatchery in Springfield, Missouri its responsible for this outbreak TyphoidalandNontyphoidalSalmonellaStages of SymptomsCauses to lead to outbreaksSymptoms of diseases Cause and EffectSalmonellaFeverChillsPet animals such as reptilesFood con taminated by animal fecesUnsanitaryleaving1-Fever, headache and cough2-High Fever 104 degrees, red spot on the chest diarrhea4-Symptoms start subsiding during this stageNauseaAbdominal painVomitingMuscle pain3-Symptoms capture prominent (most on the hook(predicate) stage)Causes of emergence and reemergence of salmonella1- Globalization of food supply (2000- 2002) Cantaloupe from Mexico was associated with a multistate outbreaks of S Ponna infection. 2- New geographic areas unavoidable introduction of pathogens 3- Travelers, refugees and immigrants expose to unfamiliar foodborne hazards 4- Changes in microorganisms evolution of new pathogens, development of antibiotic resistance, the capacity to survive in different environmental conditions. 5- Human population changes population of highly suggestible people is expanding, more likely to succumb to bacterial infections. 6- Lifestyle great amount of people eat prepared meals. In some countries, the food service establishments dont f ollow the food safety and control regulations. (CDC) Recent outbreaks of salmonella infections suggest that the bacteria are not exclusive to poultry and have infiltrated other areas of the food industry. The most commonly reported serotypes, in history and present of salmonella are S. typhi, S. enteritides and S. typhimurium.Outbreaks in the past are largely due to unsanitary water and food supplies and unsanitary route of leaving. Since improvements in food handling, piped and filtered water supplies as was as water/sewage treatment have been made, enteric fever has baffle relatively rare in developed countries such as United States. Historically, chickens and their eggs are been associated with salmonella in the mid to late 20th century, eggs where the main sources of salmonella enteritidis this is less common at a time because of thehigh hygiene measures in production of eggs and laying hens are been vaccinated to prevent salmonella colonization. (CDC) The similarities betwee n the past and present outbreaks of salmonella are from animal food sources such as meat, poultry and seafood also the unsanitary ways of preparing them.The symptoms are the same showing a step ladder pattern it begins with sudden onset of high score fever, dry cough and headache and it keeps going to a second, third and fourth stage the most dangerous stage its the third stage where the symptoms become more prominent. A big difference now its that we have more effective treatments to control salmonella. Today three types of typhoid vaccines are obtainable 1- inactivated whole-cell vaccine 2- ty21a 3- vi polysaccharide vaccine these vaccines have been shown be 70- 90% effective. (Salmonella symptoms) Salmonella are a host of bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tracts of animals and birds. The bacteria are usually transmitted to people when they eat foods contaminated with animal feces.Contaminated foods are often of animal origin, such as poultry, beef, eggs or milk. Bu t all foods, including vegetables and fruits, can become contaminated. In order to lose weight salmonellosis a food safety approach its necessary staring from the farms to the consumers table. Industry, farmers, retailers, food inspectors, food workers and consumers are critical cogitate in the food safety chain. The center for disease control and prevention reported 11 cases of salmonella outbreak during this year 2012. 3 of those cases are from live poultry.( Salmonella) Diseases control plan for poultryFarmer food safety plan (prevention, control and hygiene)1- Salmonella control has to start at the farms.2- Pest control sanitation, properly chlorinated water and biosecurity are crucial for controlling salmonella.A. Restricting access Vehicles People AnimalsB. Biosecurity Dedicated clothing and boots Disinfectant boot steep3- Vaccination of hens used in breeding4- Eggs should be collected and placed in modify or new disinfected trays.5- TestingA. Dust sampling- collecting dus t from dust on equipment in the poultry buildingB. Faecal sampling from poultry animalsC. Sampling of boots that walk around the poultry buildingD. frequence of testing before and after laying eggs its extremely important6- Use goodish sanitation practiceA. Enforce employee hygieneSalmonella continues to be an issue in poultry processing plants and farms. Each plant /farm is unique and must determine the best way to control salmonella in their operation. Salmonella testing should be done on a regular basis to validate control measures are working. (Controlling salmonella in poultry plants) Preventions for consumers1- Clean- wash hands and surface before handling any food2- Avoid cross-contamination- separate stark(a) poultry, meat and seafood from other foods3- Poultry and eggs should be refrigerator4- Cook- do not eat knifelike or undercooked meat, eggs or poultry (Salmonella questions and answers) The plan explains the measurements need to be taken by farms or plants by outlin ing procedures on how to avoid salmonella also prevention and control are monitored by Good awkward practices and hazard analysis critical control point. By following the guidelines mention the farm and plants owners volition reduce health risk to the consumers and prevent future outbreaks of salmonella. Consumers need to be aware of Salmonella reports and practice the prevention tips to avoid been contaminated with the diseases. Also this plan shows the public/consumer the precautions taken by the farms and plants to keep the poultry salmonella escaped.Feasibility reportSalmonella its a diseases that can be prevented just by practicing good hygiene the educational plan makes emphasis on the following subjects all the historical outbreaks where due of unsanitary way of preparing food and way of leaving. The emergence and reemergence of salmonella its due to several factors including the growing of population and population lifestyle but forthwith improvements of food handling an d good sanitation makes harder forthe food to be contaminated with salmonella. (Salmonella) The government has done many different research to diminish the impact of salmonella in the country food safety its managed by different agencies such as The center for disease control and prevention (CDC), The food and drug face (FDA), the US department of agriculture, and the US environmental protection agency each of this agencies has a proper(postnominal) line of business to do. (Salmonella) The educational plan highlights the symptoms, how the disease its transmitted, who its more at risk of contracting the disease also the precautions that consumers need to take and also the treatments used by the health care department a master this diseases.Consumer are inform of the different stages of the diseases and which stage its the more dangerous the health care department has particular proposition laboratory test to determine the presence of salmonella treatments are also mention such as antibiotics, a lot of fluids and antimotility drugs and now there are 3 types of vaccines for typhoid salmonella available for the consumer. (Salmonella symptoms) The disease control plan discusses strategies which are not economically expensive and easy to follow by the farm and consumers. The farm will benefit by following each strategy which will help to prevent salmonella and by having salmonella free poultry the farm will not suffer any economic loss the consumer will gain social growth by see the educational plan and practicing the preventions listed to avoid salmonella also by reading the many strategies used to prevent and control salmonella in poultry farms.The plan encourage consumers to practice safe preparation and cooking of food specially raw food such as poultry and eggs by practicing the preventions the salmonella bacteria can be kill and stop from spreading. The farms are encouraged to maintain and practice good sanitation in all areas of the plant staring with the ir employees. In the farms the early interventions are done by following different testing methods and vaccination of hens. The plan presents prevention and control if each farm follows and practices all the strategies this will reduce future salmonella outbreaks from poultry. (Controlling salmonella in poultry plants) Overall the plan presents a good detail safety plan for farmers to prevent salmonella by following this plan salmonella outbreaks will be avoid in the future. The consumers need to educated themselves in this type of diseases and practice the preventions to avoid been contaminated with this diseases call salmonella.AnnotatedbibliographyDavis, C. P. (n.d.). What is salmonella. Retrieved from medicinenet www.medicinenet.com/salmonella/ condition.htm This article discuss everything about salmonella what is salmonella? How is transmitted to humans, what are the symptoms, how its diagnose and what are the treatments and preventions. Multistate outbreak of salmonella braend erup infection associated with mangos. (2012, August 29). Retrieved from CDC http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/braenderup-08-12/index.html CDC investigation of multistate outbreak of human salmonella braenderup infection linked to mangos Multistate outbreak of salmonella typhimurium infection linked to cantaloupe. (2012, August 17). Retrieved from CDC http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium-cantaloupe-08-12/index.html CDC investigation of multistate outbreak of typhimurium salmonella associated with cantaloupe Multistate outbreak of salmonella enteritidis infection linked to ground beef. (2012, July 23). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis-07-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak of human salmonella enteritidis associated to ground beef Multistate outbreak of salmonella hadar infection linked to live poultry. (2012, July 23). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/ha dar-live-poultry-07-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak on hadar infection associated with live poultry. Multistate outbreak of salmonella capital of Uruguay infection linked to live poultry. (2012, June 21). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/montevideo-06-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak on montevideo infection associated with live poultry. Report of selected salmonella outbreak investigations. (2012, August). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks.html Investigation reports of specific outbreaks of salmonella during this year. ReferencesAgricultural Researc services. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.USDA.gov. CDC. (n.d.). Salmonella. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov.Controlling salmonella in poultry plants. (n.d.). Retrieved from USDA www.fsis.usda.gov Davis, C. P. (n.d.). What is salmonella. Retrieved from medicinenet www.medicinenet.com/salmonella/art icle.htm Food safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.FDA.gov.Foodborne Illness and disease. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.USDA.gov. FDA. (n.d.). The new FDA food safety modernization act. Retrieved from www.fda.gov. History of typhoid fever (salmonella). (n.d.). Retrieved from www.globalsecurity.org. Salmonella symptoms. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.salmonellatreatment.org. Salmonella questions and answers. (n.d.). Retrieved from USDA www.fsis.usda.gov Salmonella. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.

World War Two Sources Questions Essay Example for Free

World War cardinal Sources Questions Essay1) Source A is a primary get-go. Its a center sent by commanding officer Paulus (of Sixth force) to the Germany array High keep in line, on 24th January 1943. We expect to find that the source is genuine and unbiased, con slopering the message has been sent from one German to another. The message was in addition not an attempt of propaganda as it was kept blanket secret between phalanx generals.The information is regarding the surrender of the Sixth Army in Stalingrad in 1943. The German Army was losing considerably and couldnt keep up the strong biding, as receiptn in 1939 onwards. The source tells us that supplies were gravely low, and command was no capaciouser possible. It is a very adequate explanation of why the German Army had to surrender. One master(prenominal) spring for the defeat of Russia was to do with the strategic positioning of the army. Almost half of the original army going to Stalingrad was redirected to the Caucacus.This caused problems later on. We in addition hump that the Luftwaffe wasnt delivering the required union of supplies, although Goering had promised. Not nigh half of the ammunition, food and medical supplies were cosmos flown in. The source tells us that the front lines were crumbling. We understand that the German Army had conquered approximately nine tenths of Stalingrad, but still couldnt manage to hold the most important area, the banks of the Volga. Russians were bringing in fresh troops and supplies constantly during the night, and the Luftwaffe wasnt strong enough to eradicate the Russians during the day. The Germans were eventu to each one(prenominal)y pushed go on back start of the city as the armys numbers dwindled.There could be however, one false interpretation of the source. Paulus asks the High Command if he could amaze permission to surrender (in order to save lives). This could be interpreted as the reason why they finally surrendered, but i n actual fact it wasnt. Hitler had denied the request of Paulus, he expect Paulus to fight till death every last solider. The final collapse of the Sixth Army was when Stalin and Zhukov decided to destination the Germans off. Two Russian armies went around the city from either side, eventually meeting up in the centre. They had the Germans surrounded. On the 10th of January the Russians opened fire and thousands of Germans were killed, many more than taken prisoners. Finally on 31st of January 1943, Soviet troops captured Pauluss head threads in the basement of the Univermag department store on Red Square. He and his generals and the be troops in the city surrendered without a fight. whence we muckle adjoin that the source gives us a very good explanation of the background information as to why the Germans surrendered. However, the actual surrender could be misleading, and we as well as need to know of the Russians participating utilization in the whole situation.2) Source B is a photograph of Stalingrad, entitled The Russians recapture Stalingrad. It is a primary source, however we have to be careful, because photographs can be false. They can be changed in anyway for propaganda purposes. Stalin was well known for this. Photographs are also only an uphold in time, and could be misleading in many ways (we dont get to mark the whole escort). Because Stalin was known for his propaganda methods, it is probably that the picture was taken for such an effect. Stalin wanted to show the wad that Russia was strong and powerful. In the picture we can a Russian pass holding the Soviet flag. Stalin is trying to convey the message that although Germany conquered horse opera Europe, Russia will never be defeated. It symbolises victory to the nation, and raises the morale after so many people had died.The buildings in the background seem to be kind of st fitting and healthy looking, whereas we know that most of the city was c everywhere in rubble. This was p robably to give the message that the Germans didnt actually do that lots damage. In the background on the picture, we can see military vehicles. It is also hard to decipher whether or not they are Russian or German vehicles. If they are German, then they were dictate at that place to show people that the Russian army is strong and powerful, and have managed to round up the German troops and keep them under control. However, I return it is more probable that they are Russian. They are military and supply vehicles. Just to re-reinforce the fact that they are able to get resources in for their people, and to bewilder a stand. A little like when a flag is put in the centre of a newly conquered territory. To let the other side know it belongs to them.Therefore all in all, I mobilize that the photograph was another method of propaganda, to raise the morale of the civilians. To let them know that Russia will not be conquered. The photograph shows us that.3) Source C, a letter from an unknown soldier in 1943, is another primary source, once more expected to be genuine (because it was sent from one German to another and was not a form of propaganda). The source isnt really useful in telling us why and how the defeat of the Germans came about. It doesnt mention the Russian army, or the lack of supplies and men. However, it does show us what the watch over of a German soldier is at the time. We can see that many Germans were dying I have seen hundreds declination and die. The Germans felt helpless and deserted. They had the adopt that Hitler had let them down, failed to keep his promises. The soldier now realises that Hitler had deceived them in many ways. The source can show an historian that the defeat of the German army was terrible and severe in Stalingrad. We can see that the morale had disappeared and were ready for surrendering.Source D, a cartoon by David Low (British newspaper cartoonist), is also a primary source, but a method of propaganda. We can see how the interpretation of the defeat of the German Army was being conveyed to the British public. It is kind of important to an historian because it shows the outcome of the war and also Britains role in the war. The British were obviously supporting Russia, as we know that they were sending in troops. But also that the cartoon shows us that Russia was greater than Germany. Russia was really an enemy to Britain, but Germany was more of a threat to Britain (so they took the side of Russia). The cartoon shows us that the German army was small in comparison to the Russians. We can also see that it was the Russian civilians who were fighting. This is depicted by the man with a scythe and hammer in his hands, representing the industrial and untaught workers. They were strong and brave.I think both sources are just as useful as each other. Source C shows an interpretation of the Germans, and Source D shows the interpretation of the British. But thats all, thus I think the limitations outweigh the positive values. We dont see why it happened or how. However, there are a limited amount of sources which are able to tell all three qualities, why, how and the effects. We do however, have the valuable explanation of the effects. How people were feeling in 1943.4) The two interpretations of why the Battle of Stalingrad came to an end, are distinct because the authors intended different points of raft to go to a different class of audience. Source E, a primary German broadcast, is intended for the German public, therefore biased and another method of propaganda. This is contrasted with the selected piece from a Russian textbook, a inessential source, therefore biased towards the Russians.Source E, is explaining to the German public that the war had come to and end, with the German Sixth Army being defeated. That the soldiers were brave and the war was not a waste of time. The German Army had held out for a long time. The broadcast tries to get the view across that th e German Army is still strong and the reason for their adversity was the encirclement of the army and unfavourable circumstances confronting the forces.The reason why this interpretation is different to Source F is because the media had to send out information to make the public still feel safe, and for them not to lose their morale. They make Germany out to still be strong and that they should re-unite even further. Because it needs to give the public a superstar of gain instead of loss, it leaves out the bad parts of the war. That the army wasnt supplied well enough. And that Hitler hadnt let them surrender in order to save thousands of lives. The source therefore is giving a biased view on the battle, favoured more for the German government.This is then compared with Source F, which is also biased, in favouring Russia. The source talks about a salient Patriotic war, making them seem more important than the Germans. Most of the source is correct according to the facts, for gui nea pig that Hitler refused the surrender of the Sixth Army. However, it is written to interpret the German Army as being incompetent compared to the Russian civilians. However, there are limitations to the source. It says that the battle of Stalingrad was the greatest military and political event of the second world war. We know that it was the first turning point, and helped stopping Japan becoming even more involved than it already was. However, there were many important battles and turning points in the war (for example the U.S.As nuclear attack on Japan), therefore the source is biased favouring the Russians as the most important country at that time in the world.Therefore the reason as to why the two sources differ in many ways is because they were intended for different audiences. The Germans had to raise the morale of the civilians, and Russia wanted to make its people think it had the most important role in the war. Neither of the sources committing truth to the facts.5) Th e Nazi defeat at Stalingrad was more important to the Russians than to the Germans.This countryment is both reliable and false. In many ways both countries need to win for many different reasons. For the Germans as a whole the defeat of Stalingrad was not really a necessary thing. Source G, a British secondary source tells us that maybe the battle wasnt a decisive turning point in the second world war, and that Germany was still strong.The Germans had already taken over the Caucacus, receiving the benefits of Russias main coal supplies. However, it was Hitler who had an urge to take over Stalingrad. It was mainly because the industrial town bore the name of the countries leader and possibly held an important position. It was also quite an important town to Russia, and the defeat of it would give Hitler even more power. We know that it didnt really have much benefit to Germany as a whole, as they ended up taking over most of the town with no beneficial effects occurring. As seen is sources A and C, all that happened was that thousands of men were captured and over a quarter of a million men were killed, in the biggest military blow to Germany during the second world war.However, it would have stood them in good stead for the take over of Russia. Germany failed because there werent enough supplies as the reinforcements couldnt keep up, plus the spend had a great catastrophic effect. If Germany had won, then there may have been different consequences. Russia for sure would have been turned into a superpower, with possibly billions of people under the control of Hitler. Britains hopes of winning the war could possibly be over too. If Russia was out of the war, that would strongly increase Japans power, possibly even conquering the U.S.A.Hitler occupied a wide part of Europe. He had to make sure that he kept everyone happy, especially in Germany where revolts and rebellions could have expert consequences. He had to keep the public morale high, which he had d one up to now. However, the defeat of Russia would have elevated morale even more. Source E and H confirms this view. Source E tells us of the type of propaganda used, and how it needed to be used to keep the people at peace. Source H a second British secondary source which states that the German people started to have doubts about their Fuehrer. They had been following him blindly, receiving victory after victory and now this, the first crisis. This is also backed up by source C, the letter from a German soldier saying he had been deceived and tricked.For Russia the defeat of the Germans was also quite important. Stalingrad was an important industrial town. It would have also been an important step for Germany to taking over the whole of Russia. The town was also not evacuated, it gave the Red Army an incentive to fight for. Also Stalin needed to keep the hopes of the Russian people of a communist state alive. He needed victory for support.Sources B and F show us how important the public view of Russia is. Source B, was predicted to be a propaganda method, trying to make the Russians look good and patriotic. It helped the Soviet morale arrest stronger. Source F, which is written much later not only supports the facts but gives a biased view as well. Even years later they seem to need to make themselves look good. All this propaganda is helped again with source D. It shows the united Russia, of agricultural and industrial workers, working to fight the Germans off their territory. They were strong and patriotic.From this we can see that the take over of Stalingrad was necessary for both sides but for the different factors mentioned. Hitler needed the area for a further attack and then finally the elimination of Britain and the U.S.A in the war. Stalin needed to keep Stalingrad as it was a main industrial area and the morale and support of the people needed to be kept high. It was also quite a crucial turning point in the history of the second world war.