Advantage And Disadvantage Of CCTV

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is a camera which is used to produce images or recordings for surveillance purposes. CCTV can be either video cameras, or digital stills cameras. Video cameras are either analogue or digital, which means that they work on the basis of sending analogue or digital signals to a storage device such as a video tape recorder or desktop computer or laptop computer wherelse digital stills cameras can take excellent pictures in most situations and can be plugged into the USB port of any computer and pictures can be taken of any camera scene.The name of the CCTV camera’s inventor is Marie Van Brittan Brown. CCTV is usually installed in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. In this days and age, it is critical to take security seriously. Some people think that only businesses and commercial properties need good security, but it is not only that our homes need good security too. Wit h the rapid increase of crime rates and breaking and entering, it is very important to mull over the available security options and choose one that is the best fit for us.Therefore using CCTV cameras and equipment is one of the most popular and cost effective ways of providing security in the home and place of work. The reason why CCTV cameras is used because it can act as a very successful deterrent to thieves and burglars, certainly making them think twice at the very least. The technology these days have made our work much easier. For example, it is even possible to hook the cameras up to an ordinary television or computer to watch the footage. In this report we are going to discuss on the pros and corns of a CCTV camera system.BODY:The use of CCTV (close circuit television) cameras in streets, stations, shops and other public places has increased rapidly in recent years. I completely agree with the statement above. We can’t overlook at the importance of CCTV in our daily lives. Indirectly CCTV makes our lives much easier because it protects the public, buildings and vehicles. One of the importance of CCTV are to prevent crime. All of us are worried about crime. CCTV cameras can not only catch criminals in the act, but the existence of CCTV systems can make a would-be criminal think twice beforecommitting any wrong-doing. There are many different types of crimes, including from crimes against persons to victimless crimes and also violent crimes to white collar crimes. Crimes against persons are also called personal crimes. For example, murder, forced attack, rape, and robbery. Next is a victimless crime. It is an offense that lacks an exclusive victim who is the object of the crime. This offense is usually against society itself through norms, values, attitudes, and beliefs.For example when someone smokes or uses cocaine they are going against cultural values about apposite behavior. They are eventually committing a crime, but there is no direct vict im, as there is when someone is robbed or murdered. Other example includes prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug. White-collar crimes are crimes committed by people of high social status. For example, stealing money from one’s employer, insider trading and tax evasion. All this kind of crimes can be prevented by using a CCTV camera.There were some researchers conducted on the use of CCTV cameras and they found that surveillance systems were most effective in parking lots. The use of CCTV cameras resulted in a 51% decrease in crime As we all know CCTV cameras helps in preventing crime. Besides preventing crime CCTV cameras have other functions too which are beneficial to us. CCTV cameras can be used as a useful piece of evidence in lawsuits. In legal cases of robbery and other forms of crime, videos and images provided by the CCTV camera system can serve as a valid proof and evidence against the defaulter.To be more specific if a crime is committed around us and the person accused of committing the crime was caught on camera, we will have an extra and strong piece of evidence for a court case. To confirm that the person accused did indeed commit the crime, jurors and judges can watch footage or view photos that was recorded and captured from the security cameras. By doing so not only will we be preventing the same person from causing us more trouble in the future, but we'll be helping out our entire community. Eventually, this useful piece of evidence by the CCTV camera can help law enforcement to solve crime.Whenever someone is caught on CCTV camera committing a crime, police and other law enforcement officials resembling customs officers, probation officers, immigration officers, and corrections officers can use the footage to release video or photos to the public via various media outlets like newspapers, magazines and internet. Many of us don’t realize that having a picture of the suspect can make a world of difference when it comes to making an arrest and getting dangerous criminal off the street. Besides those that was stated above, with the use of CCTV camera we are able to keep an eye on children, elderly folks and things.Many of us are too busy out there that we are not aware of what is going on at home. With a CCTV system at home, we will be able to monitor the safety of children and elderly folks while we are away. More to the point, we can also keep an eye on maid and make sure nothing out of the ordinary is going on. That is if we were to keep track on what’s happening at home. What if it’s about work? If we can't be at the office all the time but like to know what's going on, installing a security camera can help do just that.We can keep an eye on things from our home computer with a few quick clicks of your mouse and at the same time we can make sure our work related matter is running smoothly and nothing out of the ordinary is going on. If we have our own business and staff working un der us, CCTV is the best equipment that can protect our staff physically against violence from customers. At the same time, it can also protect them against false accusations that perhaps may be coming from colleagues or even from client and customers.It is also helpful to keep track on the activities of the staff. Although we are told that a CCTV camera help in the fight against crime and has many benefits, however some people are opposed to their use. They believe that everyone has a right to privacy. As we all know where there is good there is bad also. Invasion of privacy is the major issue that everyone would bring up when it comes to any security system device like the CCTV camera system. The role of CCTV cameras is to constantly monitor the activities of people working and living in a location.This actuality alone upsets people, mainly because many of us simply don't like our privacy being marched into. We don’t look at the reason why the CCTV equipment is there. For e xample, when a CCTV camera is installed at a work place all the activities that are done by the employees are being recorded. Basically, it lowers the employee self-esteem and hampers productivity at times. Employees may feel ill at ease due to the constant monitoring of every activity. Besides that, hacking is one of the issues that is related to privacy.The value of CCTV information has increased as the value of shares in market. This results in a higher risk from hackers. Hacking CCTV footage has led to privacy issues. The most common issues and are happening often among our community are images captured by CCTV of naked women distributed across the Internet. Complete protection of public security systems from hackers is definitely not possible. The reason is because the system connects to a network, therefore hackers can hack into the system virtually from outside locations easily.Another example is if there is a CCTV camera installed near an ATM machine, hackers can easily hack the video of that camera and can easily get the pin code and any other information about a customer or ATM user which he wants. Therefore, installing a CCTV camera in the wrong place could lead to a privacy violation. Property managers should play their role by being sure they're not acquiring any legal risks before setting up CCTV equipment. Besides those disadvantages that were mentioned above there is another disadvantage of CCTV camera.Not everyone can afford to get it because the price range of CCTV camera is from RM1,500 (the cheapest) to RM10 000 and more depending on the brand. The initial cost per camera is high. Moreover the installation of CCTV camera may also increase the initial expenditure depending upon the complexity of the CCTV camera system as well. For example, if a property manager or owner is taking into account to equip a whole building with ample amount of surveillance equipment, then he's looking at quite a bulky bill.Not only that, once CCTV cameras are bou ght they must also be installed correctly by experts and monitored regularly, which eventually drives the cost up. Another disadvantage of CCTV camera system is that they can only monitor a limited area not every area of your office or home at all times. So many people don’t consider it as a foolproof method for crime prevention. Usually most CCTV cameras are installed out of the reach of humans, but sometimes a camera can still get damaged. Criminals who have intention to rob or do crime can vandalize the cameras in various ways, such as sticking gum or spraying something on the lens.With that the CCTV camera will not be able to monitor any wrong doing of theirs. Besides sticking gum and spraying, they may even be able to change the angle of the camera. As we all know technology are evolving all of the time. The same goes for CCTV systems. When older models are replaced by new systems, the result is often a mix of both modern and old cameras, and this can lead to incompatibi lities between systems. Older cameras might also produce low-quality footage that might not be accepted by a court as evidence if continued to be used for long.Other than that, the camera might miss details. For example, a covered weapon which is not immediately visible on a person might not show up on CCTV footage and a CCTV camera might not catch all activity due to its position. CCTV cameras can be sensitive to hostile weather and so are generally installed in sheltered or indoor locations. Lastly, CCTV equipment is sensitive to knocks and can malfunction if interfered with in this way. Therefore, the process of monitoring can be interrupted.CONCLUSION:In a nutshell, CCTV camera has its own pros and corns.  Some people agree that these cameras help in the fight against crime, but not all the five fingers are the same. However some people are opposed to their use because they believe that everyone has a right to privacy. I personally feel that CCTV cameras should be installed in most of the places to decrease the crime rate that is increasing rapidly in our country. One strong reason to support my opinion is despite all these disadvantages CCTV camera still allows us to secure our place to a great deal. I agree that it has disadvantages but we all know nothing is perfect.The disadvantage can be solved by using different methods. These days CCTV cameras are becoming increasingly affordable to install. In order to install CCTV surveillance systems it is a one-time expense. It is better to install a CCTV camera instead of hiring multiple security officers to monitor several different areas of your establishment or town. A handful of officers can practically â€Å"patrol† an area from a comfort that monitors a wide area, reducing manpower costs to provide the same level of security. I would like to stress that CCTV camera is very useful equipment and its advantage outweigh the disadvantage. Advantage And Disadvantage Of CCTV Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is a camera which is used to produce images or recordings for surveillance purposes. CCTV can be either video cameras, or digital stills cameras. Video cameras are either analogue or digital, which means that they work on the basis of sending analogue or digital signals to a storage device such as a video tape recorder or desktop computer or laptop computer wherelse digital stills cameras can take excellent pictures in most situations and can be plugged into the USB port of any computer and pictures can be taken of any camera scene.The name of the CCTV camera’s inventor is Marie Van Brittan Brown. CCTV is usually installed in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. In this days and age, it is critical to take security seriously. Some people think that only businesses and commercial properties need good security, but it is not only that our homes need good security too. Wit h the rapid increase of crime rates and breaking and entering, it is very important to mull over the available security options and choose one that is the best fit for us.Therefore using CCTV cameras and equipment is one of the most popular and cost effective ways of providing security in the home and place of work. The reason why CCTV cameras is used because it can act as a very successful deterrent to thieves and burglars, certainly making them think twice at the very least. The technology these days have made our work much easier. For example, it is even possible to hook the cameras up to an ordinary television or computer to watch the footage. In this report we are going to discuss on the pros and corns of a CCTV camera system. BODY:The use of CCTV (close circuit television) cameras in streets, stations, shops and other public places has increased rapidly in recent years. I completely agree with the statement above. We can’t overlook at the importance of CCTV in our daily lives. Indirectly CCTV makes our lives much easier because it protects the public, buildings and vehicles. One of the importance of CCTV are to prevent crime.All of us are worried about crime. CCTV cameras can not only catch criminals in the act, but the existence of CCTV systems can make a would-be criminal think twice before  committing any wrong-doing. There are many different types of crimes, including from crimes against persons to victimless crimes and also violent crimes to white collar crimes. Crimes against persons are also called personal crimes. For example, murder, forced attack, rape, and robbery. Next is a victimless crime. It is an offense that lacks an exclusive victim who is the object of the crime. This offense is usually against society itself through norms, values, attitudes, and beliefs.For example when someone smokes or uses cocaine they are going against cultural values about apposite behavior. They are eventually committing a crime, but there is no direct victim, as there is when someone is robbed or murdered. Other example includes prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug. White-collar crimes are crimes committed by people of high social status. For example, stealing money from one’s employer, insider trading and tax evasion. All this kind of crimes can be prevented by using a CCTV camera.There were some researchers conducted on the use of CCTV cameras and they found that surveillance systems were most effective in parking lots. The use of CCTV cameras resulted in a 51% decrease in crime As we all know CCTV cameras helps in preventing crime. Besides preventing crime CCTV cameras have other functions too which are beneficial to us. CCTV cameras can be used as a useful piece of evidence in lawsuits. In legal cases of robbery and other forms of crime, videos and images provided by the CCTV camera system can serve as a valid proof and evidence against the defaulter.To be more specific if a crime is committed around us and the person accused of committing the crime was caught on camera, we will have an extra and strong piece of evidence for a court case. To confirm that the person accused did indeed commit the crime, jurors and judges can watch footage or view photos that was recorded and captured from the security cameras. By doing so not only will we be preventing the same person from causing us more trouble in the future, but we'll be helping out our entire community. Eventually, this useful piece of evidence by the CCTV camera can help law enforcement to solve crime.Whenever someone is caught on CCTV camera committing a crime, police and other law enforcement officials resembling customs officers, probation officers, immigration officers, and corrections officers can use the footage to release video or photos to the public via various media outlets like newspapers, magazines and internet. Many of us don’t realize that having a picture of the suspect can make a world of difference when it c omes to making an arrest and getting dangerous criminal off the street. Besides those that was stated above, with the use of CCTV camera we are able to keep an eye on children, elderly folks and things.Many of us are too busy out there that we are not aware of what is going on at home. With a CCTV system at home, we will be able to monitor the safety of children and elderly folks while we are away. More to the point, we can also keep an eye on maid and make sure nothing out of the ordinary is going on. That is if we were to keep track on what’s happening at home. What if it’s about work? If we can't be at the office all the time but like to know what's going on, installing a security camera can help do just that.We can keep an eye on things from our home computer with a few quick clicks of your mouse and at the same time we can make sure our work related matter is running smoothly and nothing out of the ordinary is going on. If we have our own business and staff workin g under us, CCTV is the best equipment that can protect our staff physically against violence from customers. At the same time, it can also protect them against false accusations that perhaps may be coming from colleagues or even from client and customers.It is also helpful to keep track on the activities of the staff. Although we are told that a CCTV camera help in the fight against crime and has many benefits, however some people are opposed to their use. They believe that everyone has a right to privacy. As we all know where there is good there is bad also. Invasion of privacy is the major issue that everyone would bring up when it comes to any security system device like the CCTV camera system. The role of CCTV cameras is to constantly monitor the activities of people working and living in a location.This actuality alone upsets people, mainly because many of us simply don't like our privacy being marched into. We don’t look at the reason why the CCTV equipment is there. F or example, when a CCTV camera is installed at a work place all the activities that are done by the employees are being recorded. Basically, it lowers the employee self-esteem and hampers productivity at times. Employees may feel ill at ease due to the constant monitoring of every activity. Besides that, hacking is one of the issues that is related to privacy.The value of CCTV information has increased as the value of shares in market. This results in a higher risk from hackers. Hacking CCTV footage has led to privacy issues. The most common issues and are happening often among our community are images captured by CCTV of naked women distributed across the Internet. Complete protection of public security systems from hackers is definitely not possible. The reason is because the system connects to a network, therefore hackers can hack into the system virtually from outside locations easily.Another example is if there is a CCTV camera installed near an ATM machine, hackers can easily hack the video of that camera and can easily get the pin code and any other information about a customer or ATM user which he wants. Therefore, installing a CCTV camera in the wrong place could lead to a privacy violation. Property managers should play their role by being sure they're not acquiring any legal risks before setting up CCTV equipment. Besides those disadvantages that were mentioned above there is another disadvantage of CCTV camera.Not everyone can afford to get it because the price range of CCTV camera is from RM1,500 (the cheapest) to RM10 000 and more depending on the brand. The initial cost per camera is high. Moreover the installation of CCTV camera may also increase the initial expenditure depending upon the complexity of the CCTV camera system as well. For example, if a property manager or owner is taking into account to equip a whole building with ample amount of surveillance equipment, then he's looking at quite a bulky bill.Not only that, once CCTV cameras are bought they must also be installed correctly by experts and monitored regularly, which eventually drives the cost up. Another disadvantage of CCTV camera system is that they can only monitor a limited area not every area of your office or home at all times. So many people don’t consider it as a foolproof method for crime prevention. Usually most CCTV cameras are installed out of the reach of humans, but sometimes a camera can still get damaged. Criminals who have intention to rob or do crime can vandalize the cameras in various ways, such as sticking gum or spraying something on the lens.With that the CCTV camera will not be able to monitor any wrong doing of theirs. Besides sticking gum and spraying, they may even be able to change the angle of the camera. As we all know technology are evolving all of the time. The same goes for CCTV systems. When older models are replaced by new systems, the result is often a mix of both modern and old cameras, and this can lead to incompa tibilities between systems. Older cameras might also produce low-quality footage that might not be accepted by a court as evidence if continued to be used for long.Other than that, the camera might miss details. For example, a covered weapon which is not immediately visible on a person might not show up on CCTV footage and a CCTV camera might not catch all activity due to its position. CCTV cameras can be sensitive to hostile weather and so are generally installed in sheltered or indoor locations. Lastly, CCTV equipment is sensitive to knocks and can malfunction if interfered with in this way. Therefore, the process of monitoring can be interrupted. CONCLUSION: In a nutshell, CCTV camera has its own pros and corns.Some people agree that these cameras help in the fight against crime, but not all the five fingers are the same. However some people are opposed to their use because they believe that everyone has a right to privacy. I personally feel that CCTV cameras should be installed in most of the places to decrease the crime rate that is increasing rapidly in our country. One strong reason to support my opinion is despite all these disadvantages CCTV camera still allows us to secure our place to a great deal. I agree that it has disadvantages but we all know nothing is perfect.The disadvantage can be solved by using different methods. These days CCTV cameras are becoming increasingly affordable to install. In order to install CCTV surveillance systems it is a one-time expense. It is better to install a CCTV camera instead of hiring multiple security officers to monitor several different areas of your establishment or town. A handful of officers can practically â€Å"patrol† an area from a comfort that monitors a wide area, reducing manpower costs to provide the same level of security. I would like to stress that CCTV camera is very useful equipment and its advantage outweigh the disadvantage.

Memo Performance Management Essay

Hi Marylee, having found our recommendations for the compensation and benefits strategy satisfactory to Clapton Commercial Construction’s needs I will next outline a performance management plan. â€Å"Performance management (PM) includes activities which ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner.† (â€Å"Performance Mangement,† 2013, para. 1). According to â€Å"My Strategic Plan† (2012), â€Å"Performance Management is also known as a process by which organizations align their resources, systems and employees to strategic objectives and priorities†(Glossary). The performance management system is part of the companies strategic plan in achieving the goals set forth each year. There has to be an ongoing communication process with the managers and the employees throughout the year as part of the performance management plan. Below are actions that are part of the performance management system. (â€Å"Performance Management – Meaning, System And Process†, 2013). ââ€" ª Developing clear job descriptions and employee performance plans which includes the key result areas (KRA’) and performance indicators. ââ€" ª Selection of right set of people by implementing an appropriate selection process. ââ€" ª Negotiating requirements and performance standards for measuring the outcome and overall productivity against the predefined benchmarks. ââ€" ª Providing continuous coaching and feedback during the period of delivery of performance. ââ€" ª Identifying the training and development needs by measuring the outcomes achieved against the set  standards and implementing effective development programs for improvement. ââ€" ª Holding quarterly performance development discussions and evaluating employee performance on the basis of performance plans. ââ€" ª Designing effective compensation and reward systems for recognizing those employees who excel in their jobs by achieving the set standards in accordance with the performance plans or rather exceed the performance benchmarks. ââ€" ª Providing promotional/career development support and guidance to the employees. ââ€" ª Performing exit interviews for understanding the cause of employee discontentment and thereafter exit from an organization. Effectively implementing a performance management system benefits the organization, manager, and employee in several ways. Your company will benefit with employee retention and loyalty, improved productivity, which will result in cost savings. The manager benefits are saving time, reducing conflicts, ensuring efficiency and consistency in performance. The employee has clear expectations of the job and clearly defined career paths. Providing open and transparent feedback will have a positive influence on job satisfaction and loyalty. (Managementstudyguide, 2013). After implementing the performance management system in order for it to be effective the employees have to understand their roles and importance to achieving the goals set forth. Making the employee aware of the goals and having a performance metric and job description in writing is the role of each manager to go over with the employee prior to started any job. The managers will go over the in detail the key result areas with the employee and set up a reward package if the goals are exceeded in these areas. Benchmarking is a method that can be used to measure performance metrics. In the commercial construction field quality, time and cost are very important dimensions measured against best practices and other companies in the business. Benchmarking will be invaluable to the success of the Clapton Commercial Construction. Benchmarking is a method to evaluate the performance, and will show the strengths and weaknesses within the company. Benchmarking will ensure the Clapton Commercial Construction can keep job costs, cycle times, and productivity within the industry averages. It will give you the data necessary to see the areas that additional training is  necessary. The managers will be responsible to get the employees the proper on the job training to be the most productive while keeping costs down. The performance appraisal component of the performance management system is where the manager will twice a year evaluate the employee’s performance. The manager will do a mid -year PE to determine areas of improvement needed to achieve or exceed the goals and deadlines set forth. For the employees which fail to meet or exceed expectations based on the performance metric set forth at the beginning of the year can be put on a performance improvement plan (PIP). This plan will set expectations and guidance for the employee to follow to help meet expectations by the end of the year. The final PE of the year will determine if the employee qualifies for a salary increase and bonus and how much it is. If the employee was put on a PIP and improved in the key areas and meet expectations set forth he/she will also be eligible for a salary increase and a bonus. The performance management system is an important component of the organizational strategic plan for measuring and analyzing data to measure the performance of the company. It requires the cooperation and support of all employees, especially upper management to be successful. The performance management is proactive system for managing the individual and organization to achieve desired results. (â€Å"Performance Management – Meaning, System And Process†, 2013). References Benchmarking. (2013). Retrieved from http://Wikipedia. (2013). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmarking Managementstudyguide. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.managementstudyguide.com/benefits-of-performance-management-system.htm My Strategic Plan. (2012). Retrieved from http://mystrategicplan.com/resources/section/glossary/ Performance Management – Meaning, System and Process. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.managementstudyguide.com/performance-management.htm Performance Mangement. (2013, Septmeber). WIKIPEDIA, (), . Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_management

Hospitality Property Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hospitality Property Operations - Assignment Example However, in reality, the previous stock is not fully utilized and wasted awfully and there is the overstock of supplies also been observed in the hotel of which some is spoiled as well. In order to maintain cleanliness and other satisfaction is driven parameters for the customers, the storeroom remains open all the time and everyone has the access to it. There is no proper placement of supply items in the storeroom rather there is a mess of supplies everywhere even in the telephone room. The supplies are not rightly used by the housekeeping staff like shampoos are used for cleaning the bathtub and furniture polish is used over Formica which though seems chemically effective but not the right way thus resulting in increased cost. Another issue is that things are not fully used that contributes to additional costs like everyday soap and shampoo is added to every washroom even previous is still there. Garbage bags of large size are often used that are half filled and thrown away despite using the smaller one to optimize their usage. The management structure needs to be autocratic and hierarchic to mold the behavior of the staff and to keep the check on them while using the supplies. A position may be created and the personnel may be dedicated full time for the purpose. There must be someone responsible for the storeroom and only limited access be provided to the staff. Another issue is that things are not fully used that contributes to additional costs like everyday soap and shampoo is added to every washroom even previous is still there. Garbage bags of large size are often used that are half filled and thrown away despite using the smaller one to optimize their usage.

Individual Assignment (80%) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Individual Assignment (80%) - Essay Example Shell UK has been reviewing its supply chain and looking into ways in which it can improve its production through innovation and technology (Shell UK Plc., 2012). This paper identifies opportunities and inhibitors of creativity in the company and their impact on organisational performance of Shell. Additionally it identifies one innovation that would have made the most impact on Shell and individual contribution towards the company’s creative ability by applying the relevant theories. Shell UK has the key responsibility to meet energy demand and provide affordable and clean energy. The company is in the second spot in the UK market and the fifth largest globally. It is the leading tax payer in the economy and the number one company in market capitalisation. The company was established in 1897 and has opened offices in various parts of the country. Though the company’s business has reduced slightly in the recent past, it is still one of the leading companies in the UK. S hell UK boasts of having a workforce composed of 6400 skilled workers and a sufficient number of contractors (Shell UK Plc., 2012). The UK market is unique since it has like- minded climate policies and international ideologies of leadership shared by Shell UK. Lastly, the UK population is a rich source of brilliant recruits that specialise in the Projects and Technology and Upstream where they bring their invaluable knowledge in leadership and management capacities. Background of the Company Shell is an energy company that operates the oil and gas sectors in the United Kingdom. The company concentrates on fuel service systems that manufacture a variety of chemicals and fuels for industrial use and domestic use. Additionally, the company takes part in research projects which include technologies that are involved in engineering, lubricants, additives and the environment. The company’s main core objectives focus on helping the company meet the international demand for energy a t low prices, provide competitive shareholder gains and to be a future energy provider. The company’s activities can be broken down into three categories, Upstream, Downstream and Projects and Technology (Shell UK Plc., 2012). The company organization is in line with the definition of an organization since it is a social entity that has clearly laid out objectives, boundaries and a well developed structure (Butler, 1991). However, the organizational structure is characterized by bureaucracy and has limitations bound by the entity’s rules and regulations. The strategic and tactical levels in the organization can be viewed to the major agents of change. Shell UK Nature of Change In the modern world, the future of the organization has become increasingly unpredictable (Furnham, 2000). Additionally, the oil and gas industry which Shell operates in have been experiencing the imminent threat of scarcity of resources and increased competition (Crooks, 2010). This section give s a discussion of its external environment since it is believed to have a profound influence on the company’s activity (Brooks, 2004). The strong influence on the external environment can be traced by analyzing the socio- cultural and technological factors (Senior & Swailes, 2010). Some of the socio- cultural factors affecting the company are caused by the company’s exploration activities in harsh enironments. In the recent past, Shell UK suffered from a huge capital spending followed by a considerable reduction in

Strategic Financial Management 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Financial Management 2 - Coursework Example Question one. Calculate the adjusted present value (APV) for the project, correcting any errors made in the net present value estimate above, and conclude whether the project should be accepted or not. Show all relevant calculations. (25 marks) Before any attempt should be made to prepare the adjusted present value of the proposed project, Rattle Co must carefully study how the given projected cash flow statement for four years was made, to know where some should remain because they are already correct or whether they need further adjustments. When the needed adjustments are known, the framework is established to do the same with each item in the prepared cash flows, asking whether it should be adjusted or not. Starting with the revenue, it appears that one critical issue would be whether it should be presented with inflation or net of inflation. The answer would depend on what discount rate is used. If the discount rate is with inflation, then the revenue must include the inflation. In the case facts, the inflation was given however, if the discount rate is used with the real rate, i.e. not the nominal one, then presenting the net of inflation of the inflation rate is the proper thing. The 8% inflation rate increase for revenues and 4% inflation rate increase for cost of sales become irrelevant. Working capital requirements appear not to be reflected in the given cash flow. These need to be determined, as they are a factor in any decision. A business cannot operate without working capital. Since the amount of working capital at the beginning of each year is 20% of the forecasted revenue per year, just multiply each given sales figure per year, then it is possible to generate a working capital requirement per year. As computed in the revised and adjusted projected cash flow in Appendix A, the working capital amounts come to  £4,606,000,  £7,320,000,  £9,814,000 and  £5,428,000 for

The role of Innovation and Convergence in Complicating ICT Regulation Essay

The role of Innovation and Convergence in Complicating ICT Regulation - Essay Example The paper tells that the concept of regulation entails a number of aspects including; a specific set of commands; a deliberate influence by the state; and socio-economic influences, all of which influence social or economic behaviour. The authors further argue that although regulation mainly elicits the perception of restricting behaviour and preventive of certain activities, it can also be viewed as facilitative/enabling. For instance, regulation permits and controls the use of airwaves, allowing for broadcasting which would otherwise be chaotic. Borras properly captures the relationship between regulation and ICT through a discussion on standards and innovation. Standards determine the interchangeability and interconnectivity of products and thus the overall technological evolution of the industry. However, the ICT environment is heavily revolutionary in terms of technology and regulator standards find it difficult to always keep up. The regulation of ICT presents with a number of challenges arising several different perspectives and contested issues about how the regulators should go about it. Whereas issues of IPR dominate the cyberspace, other areas in the ICT industry provide an opportunity to limit regulation and promote competition. For instance, elements in network industry value chains involve retailing to end-users where competition is feasible and thus limit the need for regulation. However, the limits to competition among the players in the telecommunications industry are uncertain due the impact of technology. (Baldwin, Cave and Lodge 2010, p. 501). Here, innovation and convergence play an important role in complicating regulation of the ICT sector, calling for equally inventive and capable strategies to ensure proper and healthy regulation. Role of Innovation in Complicating ICT Regulation Innovation in the ICT industry occurs at a much faster pace and from many different angles than in most other sectors. As the Regulation Reform Unit (2010, p. 5-6) argues, regulatory activities and agencies have the challenge of reflecting technological changes and market developments in the ICT environment. Regulation of the ICT sector impinges on many different aspects including competition, interconnection, management of spectrum, authorisation and price controls among other aspects (ICT Regulation Toolkit 2012). Innovation impacts all of these aspects of ICT regulation in different ways but all centering on the rate at which innovation occurs. In terms of competition and price controls, the horizontal and vertical innovations witnessed everyday in the ICT sector challenge the traditional paradigm of regulation which embeds in the economic sense. Technological developments have implications on existing market structures at the overall economic level. A stable format of regulation seeking to stabilise the ICT sector would not hold in some sections as innovations render what is today valuable absolutely unimportant tomorrow. To keep up, the regulatory mechanisms have to evolve and develop new ways of regulating the newly formed ICT market structure. This may

Awnser A, B or C Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Awnser A, B or C - Research Paper Example However, the need for controlling the unknown, for creating parameters through alteration so that the odds of a good life are increased deletes the potential for challenges and obstacles that stimulate creativity and innovation. In trying to control the future, in creating a life in which all elements of natural creation are subjected to human manipulation, the nature of human existence is greatly altered, inextricably detached from the surprises that enrich the nature of life. In genetically engineering children, the natural order of life becomes something that is defined by hubris, eliminating the potential for greatness that is born of adversity and ending the true existence of humanity. Francis Fukuyama puts forth arguments against the use of genetic engineering as a way to improve the human condition. He suggests that to use these forms of science to change the outcomes of life would be an inroad to changing the nature of humanity (Fukuyama). This argument clearly expresses the basic nature of scientific meddling in human development. The concept that humanity is vulnerable to the ways in which science has the capacity to change elements of life provides for a cascade of effects that can ultimately change perceptions, shift ideological beliefs, and push cultural construction towards a world in which little is left that has the basic elements of human life still held within it. When applied to the question of genetic engineering babies, the acceleration of these problems has the potential of changing the nature o human existence to a point where life is essentially changed. In choosing the attributes of a child from a menu of options so that parents have the belief that they can create the exact child that they want, human interaction and existence will fundamentally change in ways that will represent irrecoverable losses. One of the most powerful arguments for human genetic

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Sociology - Essay Example While adult crime rates remains comparatively stable, the number of violent crimes committed by juveniles has skyrocketed over the recent decades. Thus, between 1988 and 1994 the rate of juvenile arrests for violent crimes has risen by 75 percent, which makes many experts project doubling of the rate by the end of this decade (Snyder, Sickmund, and Poe-Yamagata, 1996). Crime is potentially preventable – or at least controllable – social phenomenon, but the only key to its prevention is knowledge of the causes of youthful offending. Impressive number of studies performed up to date reveals that although many factors contribute to the making of a delinquent child, negative peer associations always remain arguably the major source of juvenile delinquency (Andrews, Hoge, and Leschied, 1994: 556). The present study aims to empirically establish and measure correlation between negative peer associations and high occurrence of delinquent behavior in teenagers. Although the potential findings of this research are of minor theoretical importance – comprehensive expert studies have already established and explained the nature of both short- and long-term correlation between negative peer associations and juvenile delinquency – their practical value in predicting juvenile delinquency rates and defining risk groups should not be diminished. The correlation may significantly vary depending upon many factors, such as religion, age, traditions, etc., and only data relating to concrete environment has reliable predictive power and can be used for prevention of juvenile delinquency. Positive correlation between juvenile delinquency and negative peer associations has been explored in many studies. The most common approach adopted by the scholars is the social learning theory: behavioral patterns are learned from social interactions (direct learning) and observation (indirect learning) (Bandura, Ross, and Ross, 1961). In studies of

Sociology (Race and Ethnicity) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Sociology (Race and Ethnicity) - Assignment Example Addressing the issue of racial profiling, I strongly feel that with the current threat of terrorism to the society and the increased incidence of terrorist attacks, it becomes absolutely essential to implement the strictest possible measures of security. We need to understand that nothing is more valuable than human life. Therefore, if the protection of human life causes us some inconvenience we should be cooperative. It obviously is very important to keep the sensitivities of the citizens of a country in mind and the criteria for racial profiling must be such that it is based on authentic evidence f a person’s identity and should not merely rely on the physical appearance of a person because that can hurt the sentiments of people. This issue was realized by the Bush Administration after which a ban was placed on Racial Profiling (US Department ofJustice , 1). Works Cited Saney, Isaac. "The Origins of Racism." AfricVoice 1 February 2007. Web. : 1 and 4. US Department ofJustice . Fact Sheet: Racial Profiling. 17 June 2003.Web.

How the Rising Cost of Fuel Has Affected Air Travel Research Paper

How the Rising Cost of Fuel Has Affected Air Travel - Research Paper Example This is in the form of efficiency, cutting costs and passing on the costs to travellers. Introduction The rising cost of fuel prices has significant effects on the air travel industry in multiple ways affecting airlines, travellers and other allied sectors. In most ways, the industry has experienced numerous negative impacts as compared to positive impacts. This is to the extent of having some airlines pulling out of certain markets altogether or even quitting the industry altogether. This paper seeks to discuss the impacts of high fuel costs on air travel and its effects to the industry. Recent studies in the airline industry have seen the cost of fuel rise as a result of trends in the world oil prices. As a result, airlines have experienced increased operating costs due to issues of efficiency in fuel consumption and environmental taxes, as well as caps. This way, airlines have sustained increased costs of operation that have affected air travel significantly in regard to the aircr aft acquired and expansion programmes (Cranfield University, n.d). In regard to the acquisition of new aircraft to be used in air travel, the high fuel costs have resulted in improved fuel efficiency. This is in the form of having airplanes with fuel-efficient engines that bring down the amount consumed over a given distance (Cranfield University, n.d). ... Moreover, another field affected in air travel, in reference to the increase in fuel prices, is the expansion of long haul and decline of short haul services (Cranfield University, n.d.). This is following frequent upgrade to aircrafts that have better fuel efficiency as compared to older fleets. Due to the high costs of fuel, the industry is able to adapt accordingly to bring down the costs of operation; and keep up with the ever-rising fuel prices and allowing air travel to cover greater distances with more capacity, and with lesser fuel consumption. Thus, due to high fuel prices, airlines have opted to focus on revenue management strategies to cut all costs of operation. In this case, the high fuel costs have been placed on the traveller to shoulder the burden, in the fare; they pay for the usage of air transport. However, some, instead of passing the cost of fuel directly on to the passengers, they have chosen to have value added services that are optional for the traveller (US B ureau of Labour Statistics, 2012). The services could be in the form of meals offered on board and are gladly accepted and paid for accordingly. In addition, services and costs that cater for fuel are in the form of the service that the passenger would like, such as flying business or economy class and all fees charged for reservation and cancellation of tickets (US Bureau of Labour Statistics, 2012). Thus, the cost of travel has gone high as a result of the levies that are passed on to the traveller. Still on high fares, travellers have, in recent times following high fuel prices, had to pay more for the cost of their luggage. This contributes to the overall cost of travelling by air through charges for hand luggage, overweight luggage and oversize baggage. In

Civil disobedience Essay Example for Free

Civil disobedience Essay In Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay â€Å"Self Reliance† and Henry David Thoreau’s essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† both transcendentalist thinkers speak about being individual and what reforms and changes need to be made in a conformist society. Thoreau elaborates more on the relationship between individuality and society and to break free from conformity. Meaning to take a stance and influence man to make a social change. Emerson leans more towards nature and the connection to spirituality. He exclaims that for individuality there has to be some sort of understanding of oneself to make an impact – which is the basic nature. He believes that man’s connection to nature is the most valuable source of life because nature is what links man to God, â€Å"the divine providence.† Both authors express the need for individuality in order to possess a strong moral and become whole through their transcendentalist ideals. In Emerson’s â€Å"Self-Reliance,† social responsibility is important. The meaning behind this is that there is a time in man’s life when he will finally realize that he has a purpose, a destiny, and the responsibility to achieve goals as long as there is a tap into spiritual nature. Emerson states, â€Å"The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone,† which references the belief of individualism. Emerson notes that famous men and women are often misunderstood simply because of their opinion, ideas, and thoughts; however, this misunderstanding is why they are so respected. One large point in â€Å"Self Reliance† is that humans should not conform to society but to be independent in mind. Emerson stresses that one should connect with nature to maintain peace of mind and individual mentality. In â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† Thoreau meets a man while serving time in prison who has been locked away for burning down a barn. Even so, Thoreau sees his cellmate as an honest man by simply trusting his own intuition. Furthermore, Thoreau writes, â€Å"The government is best which governs least,† in lines 2-3, which is based on the belief that people should not conform to society but stay independent and embrace their own beliefs, goals, values, and morals. Both â€Å"Self Reliance† and â€Å"Civil Disobedience† are relevant in modern society because they discourage conformity, which is a big problem in the world today. Humans tend to lean with the majority, but should be taught to stand their ground. Both essays also mention the government and the problems involved in it. Since they were written, government has not improved; it may have even worsened. Government is best when it governs least- that perspective should still be applied to today’s government. Now, the government tries to constantly control every aspect in everyone’s life, but like Thoreau states, it should allow its people to decide major issues.

Critical Perspectives on Accounting Essay Example for Free

Critical Perspectives on Accounting Essay In this article Marcus Milne provides critical overview and analysis of literature devoted to establishing evidence for positive accounting theory in regards of corporate social disclosure. The central argument of the paper is that positive accounting theorists are trying to colonize social and environmental accounting research. The present article is empirical research and the author employs qualitative and quantitative data to support the claim that positive accounting theory of social disclosure has failed in its endeavor. The author’s purpose is to challenge the perceptions of positive accounting theory and to illustrate why efforts of theorists to social and environmental accounting has failed. The author focuses on the original work of Watts and Zimmerman and tends to present their concern and ideas with the lobbying behavior observed in US oil companies. The companies were claimed to be monopolists and self-interested politicians that had pursued mainly wealth transfers in the form of taxes and other political costs. For them, social responsibility is passing remark. The article is useful to my research topic as Milne suggests that modern businesses and companies should be more concerned with social and environmental responsibility as our world’s resources are not unlimited. The main limitation of the article is that only one original work is incorporated – the article presents one viewpoint without presenting multiple views on the problem. The author indicates that literature on positive accounting theory has failed to provide arguments for self-interested managers’ wealth maximizes. The article will be useful supplementary information for my research on social and environmental responsibility.

Path loss determination using Hata model

Path loss determination using Hata model CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Path loss is the degradation in received power of an Electromagnetic signal when it propagates through space. Path loss is due to several effects such as free space path loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection, coupling and cable loss, and absorption. Path loss depends on several factors such as type of propagation environments, distance between transmitter and receiver, height and location of antennas. Also the signal from the transmitting antenna may take multiple paths (multipath) to reach the receiving side, which results in either increase or decrease of received signal level depending on the constructive or destructive interference of the multipath waves. Path loss is usually expressed in decibels (db), as this method gives us an easy and consistent method to compare the signal levels at various points. Where Lp is the path loss i.e. the ratio of power of received signal to that of transmitted. Propagation models are used extensively in network planning, particularly for conducting feasibility studies and during initial deployment. They are also very useful for performing interference studies as the deployment proceeds. Numerous Experiments have been carried out all around the world, for checking the applicability of suitable path loss models in mobile communications specific scenario. In those experiments radio engineers carried out signal strength measurement for a specific area and compared the observed output with that of predicted outputs from different widely accepted propagation models so as to find out which model best predict the path loss for the given scenario. Also, some fine tuning for that model are done based on the difference. Many propagation models are available for path loss predictions. Deterministic models are based on the laws of electromagnetic wave propagation and produce accurate predictions of the path loss, however they take high computational effort and require detailed and accurate description of all objects in the propagation path .Free space Model, and Plane Earth model, are easier deterministic propagation methods. Empirical models are based on extensive collection of data for specific case. They are not accurate but predict the most likely behavior the link may exhibit under specific conditions. Okumura carried out a lot of field strength measurements in Tokyo, Japan with varying terrain, frequency antenna height and transmitted power. It states that, the signal strength decreases at much greater rate with distance than that predicted by free space loss .An empirical formula based on Okumuras results has been developed by Hata in order to make the propagation loss prediction easy to apply .Hata gave no of path loss models for urban, suburban and open areas, often called Okamura-Hata model. The European Co-operative for Scientific and Technical Research (COST) extended the Hata model to be valid for PCS(personal communication System) Operating at 1800- 2000 MHz, which is named COST 231 Hata model .The European research group also developed an another model taking Diffraction effect into consideration, which is COST 231 Walfish Ikegami model. Actually, this model is a semi-deterministic model as the path loss calculations is made by combining empirical models with deterministi c techniques [4].wave propagation models for planning of mobile communication network. Theres a North American model called Lees model named after W.C.Y. Lee, which is characterized by two parameters, power at a mile and path loss exponent. Kathmandu is the capital city of our country Nepal with more than 1 million inhabitants. GSM Mobile launched by Nepal Telecom reached almost a decade now with total 3.5 million subscribers, and 1.5 million solely in Kathmandu. With such increase in no. of subscribers, the no of BTS has gone up to 1500 in whole Nepal. Operating with both the frequency 900 and 1800 MHz, there are nearly 500 BTS (BS) in Kathmandu only. With such increase in the no. of Bs in Kathmandu valley due to the growth in No of subscribers, proper planning methods are needed for placing BTS for acceptable field strength and Interference level in the coverage area. Also the Coverage holes are needed to be filled with proper planning. This Planning Requires appropriate propagation models that best predicts the path loss for our specific environment. In this project, the feasibility analysis and fine tuning of Hata and Cost 231 Hata model has been done for propagation environments in Kathmandu. Taking three different areas of Kathmandu namely: Core city area, Ring-road area and Remote areas and five locations are selected for each of the terrain types and Field Strength Measurements offers a better means to understand what path loss model to use in certain propagation environments. Field strength measurements were conducted on the existing GSM 900 MHz Network of Nepal Telecom on the locations of interest. MOTIVATION The demand for increasing mobile subscribers needs efficient extension of a cellular network. For GSM like technology, there is additional complexity in making efficient Allocation of Base Stations and frequency planning. For this, proper path loss models should be used for coverage prediction and interference analysis. Much of the popular path loss models by renowned RF engineers are based on the observation data taken on their own country. So there is need of fine tuning of such model for applicability in our area. To my knowledge, there has not been any published work regarding such models feasibility analysis and modifications.This provides the impetus for this project to make an analysis of the observed data and necessary modification in Hata and Cost 231 Hata model for Kathmandu. Also, the proposed re-farming of 900 MHz frequency spectrum for Future Generation of Mobile Communications provides another drive for this project. It is obvious that use of less frequency yields large coverage area than higher frequencies. Hence, for future generation mobile, Scientist have conceived of making use of 900 MHz spectrum and together with use of newer technologies, they could make efficient utilization of this spectrum. APPLICATIONS This project can be used in realistic planning of GSM networks, with the predicted path loss in Kathmandu. For capacity enhancements of the network, GSM Engineers can use the path loss prediction models for intelligent placement of BTSs with certain antenna height and power. Path loss also facilitates Link budget analysis and Design in a telecommunication system. In a GSM like Cellular network, Path loss is used for Frequency Re-use distance estimates so as to properly space the channels in Base stations (BS). Actual Frequency assignment plans for the Base Stations are also facilitated by the use of path loss. Better Coverage predictions and interference reduction is what planning engineers get by using better path loss model. CHAPTER-2 PATH LOSS MODELS In this chapter, description of various Path Loss model will be discussed. The model characteristics, along with mathematical formulae, will be shown that is useful for further calculations, analysis in this project. In addition, three kinds of dependency factors of path loss will be noted that will be analyzed later. FREE SPACE PATH LOSS This model is the most simple and primitive path loss model where the influence of all objects and obstacles in the propagation environment is ignored. Here, the Received signal is inversely proportional to the square of distance between the transmitter and receiver. So, the free space Path loss is given by As Decibel (db) method gives us easy and consistent method to observe and analyze the signal levels at various points, the free space path loss can also be expressed in logarithmic format as OKAMURA MODEL This model is a RF propagation model that was developed based on the data collected in the Tokyo city, Japan. The model served as a base for all other empirical propagation models. In this model, the propagation area is divided into terrain categories: open area, suburban area, and urban area. Urban area is used as a reference area and Correction factors are applied in it to calculate the path loss for other terrains. HATA MODEL It is also known as the Okumura-Hata model for being a advanced version of the Okumura Model, is the most widely used model in radio frequency propagation for predicting the behavior of cellular transmissions in city outskirts and other rural areas. This model incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to better suit the need . Hata Model predicts the total path loss along a link of terrestrial microwave or other type of cellular communications. Operating frequency, Base Station Antenna height. This model is suited for both point-to-point and broadcast transmissions. COST 231 HATA MODEL It is also called the Hata Model DCS Extension, which is a RF propagation model that extends the Hata Model to cover a more range of frequencies. Also, this model is applicable to Open, Suburban and Urban Areas . PATH LOSS DEPENDENCY FACTORS Path loss usually depends on operating frequency, Base station Antenna Height, and distance of the Mobile stations (MS) from the Base Station (BS). For each of the popular empirical models discussed above, those dependency factors are observed separately and lastly combined together to give a formula for that path loss model. PATH LOSS EXPONENT We know that received signal at a distance from a BS or a transmitter is inversely proportional to some power of the distance, i.e. farther we go from the BS or transmitter, the received level will degrade by some factor. CHAPTER-3 For empirical models, Field strength measurements gives an easy and better way for feasibility analysis and fine tuning of the models for certain propagation environments. In our case, I intend to check the applicability and the modification of Hata and Cost 231 Hata model for propagation environments in Kathmandu. Three different terrains are taken into consideration, namely: Core city area, Ring-Road area, and remote area. Field strength measurements are carried out in fifteen different locations, where five of them belong to one terrain types. Location of BS, Transmitted power, antenna height is taken for the areas of interest in Kathmandu. Field strength measurements were conducted on the existing GSM network of Nepal Telecom and the receiver used was TEMS tool with a mobile set. DRIVE TESTING USING TEMS TEMS is an air interface test tool for real time diagnostic of different parameters for RF optimization. Also, all the data can be saved for later analysis. It consists of a laptop with TEMS software, a mobile set with a connector, GPS for location, and a hardware lock key. As for this project, only the received level is concerned, so the received level is noted as we drive farther from a BS. Above Figure shows the trail of the drive test path through a vehicle, in the location of interest. Here, the distance of a sample point in the trail can easily be noted using a scale in the map. Before performing drive test in all of those sites, proper Information regarding Site locations, their Carrier Frequencies, BS antenna Height, power transmitted from the BS are taken and used in the data collection and Calculations part. ASSUMPTIONS In this project, several assumptions are considered to ease data collection and analysis phase, which are listed as: Though the signal strength measurements are done for different BS with different Carriers (ARFCN), operating frequency is taken to be fixed at 900MHz. The effective power radiated from the BS is taken to be fixed at 50 dbm. Also height of mobile () taken to be fixed at 1.5 meters as the data is measured through TEMS inside a vehicle. Core city area, Ring-road Area and Remote areas in Kathmandu are assumed to be Urban, Sub-urban and Rural area respectively for simplification in analysis and comparison. If that assumption gives different result, then it can be rectified easily based on the integrated analysis of the path loss plot vs distance. MEASURED PATH LOSS For each of the propagation environments which have been selected and drive tested for data collection, the path loss can easily be calculated using the formula: So, Path loss can easily be observed from the collected data, to be increasing as we go farther from the BS. Data Collected for Fifteen different Locations can also be shown in tabular format as: PATH LOSS FROM MODELS After the observation of measured path loss in the propagation environments in Kathmandu, we need to calculate the path loss from the formula for the two models Hata and COST 231 Hata Model, with the distance d of MS from Bs in km, Frequency f in MHz, BS height hb in meters, Antenna height in meters taken from the actual scenario. Calculations are done using Excel sheet and the data are shown as: PATH LOSS PLOTS: As we get all the measured data and predicted data from the two models, the average data of path loss as shown in the table below are plotted with the increasing distance d of MS from BS as shown in the graph below for each propagation environments. COMPARISION AND ANALYSIS From the above plot for each propagation environments, comparing the average path loss values with that of Hata and COST 231 Hata model plot gives the result that Hata model best fits the propagation characteristics in Core city area and Ring-road area whereas the COST 231 model best predicts the propagation characteristics in Remote area. Also the Minimum Square Error (MSE)calculated for each of the model is within acceptable limits, which can be calculated using the formula: From the MSE analysis also, I find that Hata model best fits the Kathmandu Core city area and is also suitable for Kathmandu Ring-road Area. Whereas in the case of Kathmandu Remote Area, Cost 231 Hata model best predicts the path loss characteristics. FINE TUNING OF THE BEST FIT MODEL Due to the least and acceptable MSE in both Ring road area and remote area, the best fit models need not be modified for such propagation environments in Kathmandu. Solely based on the Minimum Square Error in path loss, the Best fit model for Core city area in Kathmandu i.e. Hata model can be modified accordingly. This formula is the modified version of the Path loss in urban area as given by Hata model for application in Kathmandu. CHAPTER-4 RESULTS By the comparison of the actual path loss with that of the predicted path loss from the two models Hata and COST 231 Hata model, and integrated analysis of all the plots, the feasibility analysis of the two models for three different propagation environments in Kathmandu is done. From which we get, Hata model is not feasible for the application in remote area due to much high minimum square error. Also the Hata model best fits the core city area in Kathmandu with MSE slightly greater than the acceptable limits as given by [6]. So the new modified Hata model is given based on the MSE. And for Ring-road area both model is applicable but the COST 231 Hata Model best fits it due to least MSE. CONCLUSION In this project, the popular empirical path loss models for mobile communications are studied. Among them two models, Hata and COST 231 Hata model is compared with actual path loss in three different propagation environments in Kathmandu, for applicability in macro-cellular Base Stations (BS). Comparison and Analysis of the integrated plot of the path loss from two models and actual path loss in those environments, along with mathematical calculations gave us the result. And the best fit model based on MSE calculations is either modified or left as it is, for those three propagation environments in Kathmandu. Also the assumptions for the three areas are consistent with the actual model which made the analysis and comparison easy. The choice of which model to use actually depends on the terrain type and the surrounding environments and objects around it, the selection of that model in planning a mobile communication network will give the best result and better network is what will be the output. So, Service providers must use efficient planning tools to better model their propagation environments along with the best predicted path loss. Hence, this project is useful for such realistic planning for GSM 900 MHz in Kathmandu. Further enhancements in this project can yield similar results for future mobile technologies and other spectrum too. PROBLEMS / LIMITATIONS: The receiver used for this project is a mobile set which has a sensitivity of -105 dbm. Hence, during field strength measurement, I can only measure signals up to 600m from the Base station in core city area. If there was separate equipment for signal measurement, it would have yield much better result, maybe thats the reason why there is much difference between the measured and predicted value due to lesser no of sample points. Also, Effective power radiated from the antenna is assumed to be 50 dbm, (same for all BS) due to unavaibility of measuring actual power radiated from the antenna and the losses in the RF cables and connectors. Also the antenna azimuth and down tilt not taken into consideration and sometimes, the measurement of received signal is done in locations that may be outside of the main lobe of the antenna radiation, i.e. outside of the half-power beam width (HPBW). FUTURE WORK: This work can be extended to apply for other mobile technologies in other frequency spectrum such as 1800 MHz DCS, 2100 MHz WCDMA. Also high sensitive field strength measurements tools can be used for future generation Mobile technologies for better result. As this project only dealt with the selection and modification of Path loss models for applicability in Kathmandu areas, the result of this project can be used for interference estimation and frequency assignment planning for new network or extension of existing network. REFERENCES Z. Nadir, N. Elfadhil, F. Touati, Pathloss Determination Using Okumura-Hata Model And Spline Interpolation For MissingData For Oman, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol I WCE 2008, July 2 4, 2008, London, U.K. Popescu, I.et al., Applications of neural networks to the prediction of propagationpath loss for mobile communications systems, Applied Electromagnetism, 2000. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of Trans Black Sea Region, 2000. K.Ayyappan et. al., Propagation Model for highway in Mobile Communication System, from http://www.ubicc.org/files/pdf/Highway_249.pdf F.M. Landstorfer, Wave Propagation Model for the Planning of Mobile Communication Network, from http://amsacta.cib.unibo.it/1427/1 /GAAS_99_065.pdf J. Wu and D. Yuan, Propagation Measurements and Modeling in Jinan City, IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Boston, MA, USA, Vol. 3. M. Hata, Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol, VT-29, No, 3, 1980. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_loss P K DALELA, et al., A New Method of Realistic GSM Network planning for Rural Indian Terrains, IJCSNS International 370 Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.8 No.8, August 2008 V.S. Abhayawardhana, et al., Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path Loss Models for Fixed Wireless Access Systems, from http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ research/dtg/lce-pub/public/vsa23/VTC05_Empirical.pdf http://www.google.com.np/#hl=neq=+++++L%3D+FSL%2BAM-HMG-HBG+median+path+lossaq=foq=+++++L%3D+FSL%2BAM-HMG-HBG+median+path+lossfp=80b8cfa680f5dc97.

Alcohol Consumption By Adolescents :: Cause Effect Alcohol College Drinking Essays

Alcohol Consumption by Adolescents It's just another Friday night, but this time it's the guy's night out. What do many teenage boys have on their mind? They want to go cruising down the highway at 80 miles per hour with the windows down. Find some beer, and some women that they can get drunk, have sex with and have something to tell about the next day. The sad thing is, that most of the time it is true. A survey was taken in Nebraska in September of 1995, which said 25.7% of adolescents aged 18 and younger said, they have used alcohol before having sex. That is just in Nebraska alone (Courtney, 288, 1995). It is also said that Fraternity and Sorority members drink more and drink more frequently than their peers and accept as normal high levels of alcohol consumption and associated problems. Fraternity-sponsored parties also may encourage heavy drinking. Studies have found that students who consider parties or athletics important and those who drink to get drunk appear most likely to binge drink or to drink heavily (Shalala, 1, 1995 ). Although alcohol use by adolescents is frequent, alcoholism is very rare. Still, alcohol consumption by adolescents hinders normal development. Alcohol intake by children can result in learning impairment, hyperactivity, and personality and behavior problems, because today's society has accepted the casual use of alcohol (Effects, 1996, 1). Among men, research suggests that greater alcohol use is related to greater sexual aggression (Shalala, 1995, 2). Students living on campuses with higher proportions of binge drinkers experience more incidents of assault and unwanted sexual advances because of their peers' drinking than do students residing on campuses with lower proportions of binge drinkers (Shalala, 1995, 2). Some campuses sponsor alcohol awareness events and classroom lectures and distribute information about alcohol use. Although such education programs raise students' awareness of issues surrounding alcohol use, these programs appear to have minimal effect on drinking and on the rates of alcohol problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services at The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, it seems that binge drinkers appear to engage in more unplanned sexual activity and to abandon safe sex techniques more often than students who do not binge drink (Shalala, 1995, 2). The purpose of this paper will prove whether or not Ms. Shalala is right or wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first study was done in 1992. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of alcohol use to unsafe sex in Latinas. The study was conducted using telephone interviews. The interviews were conducted with 523

The Origin of Life :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

How life arose is a question that is fundamental to both philosophy and science. Responses to it enable one, in turn, to answer such questions as, â€Å"Who am I?†, â€Å"Why am I here?†, and â€Å"How do I make sense of this world?† This secondary set of questions can be answered in a myriad of ways for a variety of reasons, but the answer to the first question has only two responses. As Douglas Futuyuma says, â€Å"Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations for the origin of living things† (197). Either we are the product of the chemical and physical laws of nature operating over time, or we have been formed, at least in part, by some supernatural Force or Deity. The acceptance of one of these options as a foundation will determine how one will establish a belief system to determine his place in the world. This is a matter of crucial importance, yet in most biology classes offered at U.C. Davis, we learn that life c ame from nonlife by strictly natural (as opposed to supernatural) processes. The possibility that perhaps the origin of life cannot be explained by a natural mechanism is ignored, and this is disturbing. For if we limit what explanations we are willing to accept for the origin of life, we could be closing our eyes to reality. Francis Crick, co-discoverer of DNA, has said that â€Å"the origin of life appears to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have to be satisfied to get it going† (Horgan 27).2 Noted evolutionary astronomer Frederick Hoyle has described the chances of life having evolved from nonlife to be about as likely as the chances that â€Å"a tornado sweeping through a junkyard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein† (Johnson 106). Why do respected scientists doubt what textbooks teach as fact? It would appear that these scientists know something that current theories describing the origin of life fail to explain. While current theories describe scenarios in which genetic material such as RNA becomes entrapped in a protective cell membrane as a likely recipe for the formation of life, they generally do not focus on the difficulties of forming and concentrating all of these components in the first place.3 To clarify, current theories suffer from what I call the â€Å"cookbook mentality.

Defining Post-Modernism Essay -- Definition post Modernism

Defining Post-Modernism In trying to define exactly what post-modernism is I shall firstly briefly consider some of the events and thinking that led up to the development of this particular school of social theory. I shall then consider some of the common strands of thinking in postmodernism concentrating mainly on the writings of Jean-Francois Lyotard and Jean Baudrillard. I shall then consider the view of David Harvey, a Marxist many consider to be writing in the postmodern tradition, who argues that post-modernism is just another form of capitalism. Having analysed his argument I shall conclude by giving my own personal view of post-modernism and by showing that by its very nature it is virtually impossible to come up with one single all encompassing definition. The term postmodernism was first used in relation to architecture. Modern architecture, namely the high rise tower blocks of the sixties, were becoming more and more unpopular. Charles Jencks (1977) traces the death of modernist architecture to the demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe housing project in St. Louis, and other writers (Lemert (1990)) have seen this as a symbol of the end of modernity. Society was reacting against modern architectural ideas having lost faith in the modern ideals. Although modern architecture might have been scientifically advanced using the latest and cheapest materials, people rejected it, preferring to return to a variety of styles from the past. Examples of this can be seen in the rejuvenation of the Albert Dock in Liverpool, and 'mock'; medieval squares. Similarly in Sociology postmodernism rejects the theories of the past, and represents a break from the 'modern'; way of thinking. For example, Marx envisaged society evolving through social change into the 'perfect'; communist society, where there are no issues of class or general inequality. Postmodernists would refer to his theory, and those of other sociologists, as a metanarrative and writers such as Lyotard (1984) have seen the rejection of such theories as central to postmodernism: 'Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodernism as incredulity to metanarratives'; People have lost faith in the metanarratives of the past and Lyotard sees social life being organised around 'language games', which serve to justify people's behaviour in society. In these games a person endeavours to persuade others t... ...is impossible to apply one all encompassing theory. A range of theories must be considered and all viewpoints listened to. Only by adopting such an approach and by welcoming different points of view can we further understand the world in which we live. References Harvey, D. (1990) 'The Condition Of Postmodernity'; Oxford:Blackwell Kellner, D. (1990) 'Postmodernism: Jameson: Critique'; cited in Ritzer, G. (1992) 'Sociological Theory'; (third edition) New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Lyotard, J.F. (1984) The Postmodern Condition. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press Ritzer, G. (1992) 'Sociological Theory'; (third edition) New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Bibliography Adams, D.J. Toward a Theological Understanding of Postmodernism http://aril.org/adams.htm#TEXT20 Cuff, E.C., Sharrock, W.W., and Francis, D.W. (1998) 'Perspectives in Sociology'; (fourth edition) London: Routledge. Mizrach, S. Talking pomo: An analysis of the postmodern movement http://glidare.isp.his.se/isp/~andreas/pomo.htm Ritzer, G. (1992) 'Sociological Theory'; (third edition) New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Ritzer, G. (1996) 'Classical Social Theory'; (second edition) New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Compare-and-Contrast Research Paper Essay

Introduction Present essay seeks to provide the comparative analysis of two artworks – Hoffmann’s Boston Twilight, 1957, belonging to Proto-Abstract Expressionism and Rauschenberg’s Retroactive 1, 1964, which may be attributed to the art movement of Pop-Art. The comparative analysis of these paintings will focus on two crucial aspects – structural and positive. Structural analysis addresses cultural, historical context, which influenced the discussed artworks, political climate, art movements’ stylistic characteristics, which informed individual work of artists, their subjective motives, influences and inclinations. Secondly, positive analysis of the artworks focuses on the themes depicted, colors and techniques used, formal and stylistic elements, the reflection of cultural and historical context in the artworks etc. The thesis, present paper defends, may be formulated as follows: Hoffmann’s and Rauschenberg’s artworks were significantly influenced by historical, cultural, social and artistic context. The artistic response to these contexts was different and reflected through opposite art movements. The discussed images belong to different artistic traditions and, hence have many differences. Similarities, however, may be attributed to the similar artistic influences, and utilization of sometimes similar formal and color techniques of composition. Structural context: art movements, history, politics and subjective perspectives. The general socio-economic and historical context of both artworks (as they were created very close in time – 1957 and 1964) may be characterized by the gradual assault of mass consumption postmodernist society, which influenced the rapid development of popular culture in music, entertainment and cinema. Commoditization has reached almost every sphere of social life and closely approached art through mass media. The increasing role of mass culture was immediately seen in the new sphere of advertisement, which conflated the elements of ‘high and low’ culture, which became central to the new postmodernist cultural logic (Jameson, 59). Political situation in the United States and Europe was characterized by the intensification of resistance and leftist movements, which, however, abandoned communist platform and focused on new postmodernist tactics, such as situationism, counter-culturalism, influenced by new discoveries in psychoanalysis, philosophy etc. Politics also became the element of mass culture, as its reproduction was extended from closed couloirs of high cabinets to ordinary population. The response of art movements to the assault of the postindustrial society was irregular and significantly varied from one art movement to another. The dominance of non-objective abstraction in 1940s and 50s was the response to vulgarization of social life, and the manifest of the absence of valuable objective themes in de-humanized world. Abstractionism, hence was an artistic expression of de-humanization and the search for lost subjectivity (Herskovic, 13-17). However, other extremes also came to existence. That is particularly true of the Pop-Art, which positively responded to the modern developments in economy and culture, synthesizing popular culture in the new form of art. Pop-Art was characterized by ‘externalization’ of art, as the objects of ordinary life and advertisement were widely utilized. The later was particularly evident in the works of Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and James Rosenquist. The similar response to changing conditions in society was made by photorealism, which exemplifies the assault of hyperrealism as the new form of cultural affirmation. Such elements of modern society as standardization, de-subjectivization was immediately seen in Pop-Art , which appeared as the resistance to self-revelation, artistic creativity and originality and focuses on the widely acknowledge cultural codes and images (Harrison 2001) . Robert Rauschenberg’s and Hans Hoffmann’s artistic trajectories were significantly influenced by the discussed developments in politics and ideology. Rauschenberg was, for instance, one of the forerunners of pop-art movement, as he was among the first to use hand-made or found objects in his artworks, combining the elements of high and low culture, using mass-media sources etc (Livingstone, 1990). Such experiments were influenced by Rauschenberg’s strong belief that the genuine artwork should exist between art and life. The technique of ‘combines’ used by Rauschenberg may be described as immediate precursor to postmodernist collage, used in installation art. Rauschenberg’s mindset position deeply opposed Abstract Expressionism’s argument that the self may be expressed through art. Instead, Rauschenberg focused on representation of reality in its absence of structure, sense and single interpretation. Abstract-Expressionism, which was influenced by Hans Hoffman, in contrast focused on gesture paintings and color field painting techniques. Abstract Expressionism should be understood as a historical consequence of the conflation between European and American artists due to World War 2, which forced may French, German and other artists to immigrate in the United States. Hans Hoffmann belongs to this group of artists and his destiny significantly influenced his style and ideological orientations (Herskovic, 2003). Hoffman’s style was influenced by cubist tension between depth and surface, expressionistic flamboyance of color and surrealist technique of automatism, which is based on following subconscious drivers of creativity and libidinal forces. The latter influences were synthesized by Hoffmann in his ‘push-pull’ method, which included the use of expressive colors and paint slashes in the view of creating contradiction between cool and warm colors. Comparative analysis of Hoffmann’s and Rauschenberg’s artworks Both artworks are obviously affected by different artistic movements and styles. Hoffmann’s composition may be posited within abstract expressionism tradition, while Rauschenberg’s painting belongs to Pop-Art movement. On the surface level the similarities between these artistic may be traced in the color usage – in each painting we see the utilization of yellow, green, black, white, red, white and blue colors. Moreover, the presence of grid-like rectangular layout is evident. Apart from this, both paintings are characterized by the sense of distortion. The distortion in Hoffmann’s artwork Boston Twilight is due to the use of abstract expressionist style, which distorts the contours of objective reality, so that we can not find correspondence between the image and reality (Boston Twilight) that it signifies. However, in Rauschenberg’s composition the distortion is reflected in the plurality of meaning and signification. The interpretation is difficult to realize due to the combination of images inserted in the painting: J. F. Kennedy at the center, pointing with his finger, cosmonaut with parachute, the duplication of Kennedy’s hand in the right corner and evidently abstract images in other parts. There is no denying the importance of the fact, that such a ‘combine’ creates difficulties for interpretation and distorts it. Furthermore, it should be pointed to the fact that both artworks have the elements of abstraction, contrasting color tones and are influenced by Cubism in using facets of the color. Both paintings create the feeling of collage and it was noted that Rauschenberg’s ‘combine’ technique is very close to it. Moreover, creating certain color relationships is in important in both images, however, it serves different functions, depending on style and thematic unity. Differences between images are evident in many respects. First of all, art schools are opposite with pop-art, focusing on unification of art and reality, and abstract expressionism, focusing on expressing contradictory being of individual self. Hoffman’s painting is abstract in essence, while Rauschenberg’s refers to widely known political and social images of American President, cosmonaut, which immediately signify objective reality. The social and political thematic of Rauschenberg’s image immediately points to his belonging to Pop-Art tradition. As far as formal and color structure of the analyzed paintings are concerned blue is dominant in Rauschenberg’s image, while green is dominant in Hoffman’s paintings; the first artist uses vertical stress, while Hoffmann is evidently using horizontal stress. Due to stylistic differences between artworjs, colors mix into one another in Hoffmann’s painting and are separated in Rauschenberg’s one. Rauschenberg utilizes much more contrast, than Hoffmann, however the image of the latter is much more organic in contrast to geometric structure of Rauschenberg’s composition. Conclusion To sum it up, present analysis proved the initial thesis that both artworks were significantly influenced by historical, social and cultural developments in Western societies in the middle of 20-th century. These developments provoked different responses on the part of art movements, resulting in creation of different styles and techniques. The latter are reflected in Hoffmann’s and Rauschenberg’s compositions, which are different in many important stylistic respects, however, have much in common due to the same artistic influences. My interest to the discussed paintings is explained by the fact that they are picturesque representations of Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art. Main features, peculiar to each of these styles, may be found in these paintings both in complex and in separate elements. The techniques used by both artists help us better understand other artworks created in these traditions and inform our own artistic endeavors. Hoffman’s image advantage is in its direct appeal to aesthetic taste and sensibility, while Rauschenberg artwork represents a challenge for viewers in terms of interpreting its political and social content. Works Cited Herskovic, Marika. American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, New York School Press, 2003. Harrison, Sylvia. Pop Art and the Origins of Post-Modernism. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Jameson, Fredric. ‘Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism’. New Left Review, 146, (53-92), 1991. Livingstone, M. Pop Art: A Continuing History, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , 1990

To what extent do we feel sympathy towards the character of Heathcliff?

Heathcliff through forbidden Wuthering Heights is a very hole-and-corner(a) char wreaker. He is introduced as a s so far-year-old orphan, probably an Irish famine immigrant. Mr. Earnshaw brings him choke off to Wuthering Heights. His story, in the soldieryner of speaking of Nelly Dean, is a cuckoos story, his presence in Wuthering Heights every last(predicate) overthrows the entirely role of the officeful heir, H argonton. The contri providedors sympathies towards Heathcliff change at incompatible stages, at integrity point find bulge outing raving mad with Heathcliff for be so cruel, and whereforece the side by side(p) feeling appealing for his treatment.This talent of Brontes stay ons the reader undecided on Heathcliff, up to now at the end of the saucy the controversy exists on whether we as the reader do and should feel sympathy towards Heathcliff. Even on the world-class night of Heathcliffs arrival he caused green-eyed monster and resentment. He wor ld the curtilage that Mr. Earnshaw breaks the toys that he has brought for the children. Nelly recorded From the very interceptinning he bred bad feelings in the house.Heathcliff usurps the affections of Mr. Earnshaw to the exclusion of Hindley- The untried master had learnt to regard his acquire as an oppressor alternatively than a friend. provided, just because Hindley is grasping and striving for attention this does non mean value it was Heathcliffs fault that Mr. Earnshaw felt favour towards him. In a nonher incident Mr. Earnshaw gives both Hindley and Heathcliff a colt. When Heathcliff colt goes lame he threatens to benightedmail Hindley if he does non swap with him. He then vows Im elbow greaseing to settle how I shall sacrifice Hindley back, he continues I dont care how languish I pro farseeing to wait, if only I can do it at goal. I hope he get out non die beforehand I do .From the beginning Heathcliff has interrupted a tranquillize family and sported aff ections upside d receive, although Hindley is not in all welcoming to Heathcliff the reader can find out him beingness threatened by a stranger. However, Heathcliff is an clear child just an orphan. He is viewed as a thing rather than a child Mrs. Earnshaw was ready to exclude it out of doors, he is described as a dirty, ragged, black haired child Nelly notwithstanding claims I put it on the fix of the stairs, hoping it might be gone on the morrow. Following the remainder of Mr. Earnshaw Heathcliff is abandoned to him scurvy at the hands of Hindley, this arouses in Heathcliff profoundly hatred and passion for revenge. Heathcliff is deprived of lustyness, a cordial life history and education consort to Nelly this treatment was enough to make a fiend of a saint. He is separate from the family, reduced to the status of a servant, laboured to become a farmhand, undergoes regular beatings and uncaring from his one bask, Catherine. The personalisedity that Heath cliff develops in adulthood is a result to the deprivation of his childhood. On the other hand Heathcliff becomes consumed with revenge.He neer forgets an injury sustained on him at Wuthering Heights, by and by a three-year absence, this impulse for revenge becomes his over origining passion. He ruins Hindley by encourage excessive drinking and gambling, after this he turns his attention to the stark Hareton Well see if one tree wont grow as hunched as another with the same revolve to twist. Heathcliff intends to achieve revenge on Hindley through his son Hareton by treating the boy in the same way he was handle. Heathcliff even states Ive got him faster than his scoundrel of a father had me, and lower,However even though Hareton is brought up as a plowboy and handle worse than Heathcliff he does not turn to revenge, he has innate goodness. the trees do not bend as crooked as one another even though they have the same wind to shape it. So even though it could be argued t he interview cannot blame Heathcliff for wanting to seek revenge, Hareton learns to manage. The relieve of revenge is not good enough, as this could not be acceptable for to each oneone doing this. Heathcliff becomes consumed in regret against Edgar Linton, who in his project has stolen his Catherine from him.He devises a plan to seek revenge on Edgar. When doing so Heathcliff feels no contrition for the point he uses Edgars sister Isabella to his vantage and even torturing her. After uniteing Isabella she writes in a letter Is Mr. Heathcliff a man? If so he is mad? And if not he is a devil? This being a public feature of medieval originals, the presentation of the plot through sevenfold narrators, another being Frankenstein by bloody shame Shelley, one novel within galore(postnominal) stories.The book The Rise of the Gothic invigorated criticises this claiming, haracters and devices being recycled from one text to the next. However, in argument to this using diffe rent types of narration such(prenominal) as letters or diaries enhances the different viewpoints and experiences of every graphic symbol, a feature in another successful Gothic Novel Dracula. Heathcliff goes on to destroy Isabella she is just a pawn in his game. Heathcliff even admits what he has done and tapeing no regret. I dont care who knows that the passion was wholly on one side and I never told her a lie most it. She cannot turn on me of showing one bit of delusive softness.The first thing she saw me do, on coming out of the Grange, was to hang up her little dog and when she pleaded for it, the first de sleep withry I uttered were a propensity that I had the hanging of every being belonging to her. The way he treats Isabella is of owing(p) enjoyment for him. The more the worms writhe, the more I yearn to die the entrails. This is very computer graphic for someone who is innocent he finds it electrifying seeing Isabella in despair. He takes a young and impressionab le girl who does not understand and then marries her and taking her remote from her home and family to a very secluded and depressing way of life.In remonstrance to this idea perchance Isabella is not very innocent. She is warned of Heathcliff by Cathy and what he wants her for. hed crush you, a kindred a sparrows egg, Isabella , This example that Cathy gives could be link to the lapwings that Heathcliff keeps and ends starving to death waiting for Cathy to come back to him, perhaps Isabella will be another lapwing, being trapped in Wuthering Heights. Also Cathy tells I know he could not respect a Linton and provided hed be quite capable for your fortunes and expectations, So Isabella was warned save carried on with the infatuation regardless.In argument to this Heathcliff does go to the salient and boisterous result of turning her blue eye black when beating Isabella. One reason for this act on Heathcliffs behalf is because of the way he is treated by the Lintons and the alienation from the life of the Grange. He is reminded of his lesser status when Catherine is welcomed into the Linton household where as he is rejected, made fun of and alienated. His drive in Cathy has been changed and trans holded by the Grange.why, how very black and unyielding you look and how-how funny and grim But thats because Im used to Edgar and Isabella Linton. Heathcliff has to cope with the dramatic change of his wonderful and passionate bonk, return and finding him funny compared to her new amply class associates. When Catherine marries Edgar this is the breaking point for Heathcliff, he cannot behave to full of life near them. He then disappears for three years. After over hearing a conversation in the midst of Nelly and Cathy where she explains that she cannot marry Heathcliff because of his low status. This leads Heathcliff to believe if he can become a piece with wealth he would be acceptable. However this is not the case.To become an important realise at this time the status symbolic representation was property. This is what becomes very important to Heathcliff later, when he tries to marry into the Linton family, to have Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. When he returns with wealth he is still seen as a lower class. On his return Edgar remarks, What, the gypsy- the ploughboy? This is a true view of Heathcliff that cannot be changed by wealth. The reader feels very sympathetic for Heathcliff at this point as he was even prepared to change his unsubdued slipway and become a civilize man for the love of Cathy.Heathcliff then uses Linton to try and gain property. He has no fatherly feelings but is just using his son. His master(prenominal) consideration lies in calculating whether Linton lives long enough to marry Cathy so acquiring Thrushcross Grange- We calculate it will scarcely last till its eighteen. Once the brotherhood has taken place, Lintons life is seen as worthless to Heathcliff- His life is not worth a fa rthing, and I wont excrete a farthing on him. Linton like Isabella has just become a pawn in Heathcliffs revengeful game, sympathy is lost for Heathcliff when he can treat others like this.He continues this abuse of Linton when calling his mother a slut in his presence. A great reason for the reader to feel contempt towards Heathcliff would be his treatment of Cathy. He blames her for Catherines death, He ill-starred you, I dare say, for coming into the world (I did, at least. ) He continues to treat Cathy horrifically. He wants to marry Linton to Cathy so arranges for him to meet her and beg her to accompany him to Wuthering Heights by sexual congress her he is scared of Heathcliff. With streaming nerve and an expression of agony, Linton had thrown his nerveless erect along the ground he seemed convulsed with bonny terror. When Cathy does accompany her cousin Heathcliff imprisons Cathy with Nelly.He take out and locked it also. Referring to the kitchen door. Cathy then s truggles with him for the key, Heathcliff loses his temper and pulling her on his knee, administered, with the other, a shower of terrific slaps on both sides of the head, sufficient to have execute his threat, had she been able to fall. Even though this is the missy of the woman he claims to live for, he has no compassion for her because she is a Linton, a very selfish attitude to an innocent sixteen-year old. Cathy even begs for her release to be with her dying father, If Papa thought I had leftfield him, on purpose and if he died before I returned, could I bear to live? even after pleading to him, Heathcliff continues to keep her prisoner until the next morning. There is just another side of the book of facts of Heathcliff. At no point in the novel can the reader doubt his eternal love and wild passion for Catherine.His love survives her rejection of him- It would degrade me to marry Mr. Heathcliff and despite her marriage to Edgar, Heathcliffs love for continues undaunte d. Heathcliff suffers much emotional rejection, but at no point does he waiver in his loyalty to her- I seek no revenge on you the tyrant grinds down his slaves and they dont turn against him, they crush those beneath them. His genuine concern for Catherine prevents him from arrogant direct revenge from Edgar. He comments to Catherine- I would have died by witches before I would have touched a sensation hair of his head. When hearing of Catherines illness, he exclaims- macrocosm after loosing her would be hell. Even though she has another husband and left him for the edification of Thrushcross Grange he could still not bear to live with out her in his world. Catherine also torments Heathcliff even in death, although her spirit stiff Heathcliffs ability to love life is gone.As his own death approaches, he confesses to Nelly the extent of Catherines hold over him, even though she has been dead eighteen years. I cannot look down into the floor, her features are shaped in the fla gs n every cloud, in every tree. He is angry at the fact that Catherine can abandon him in a world without her he feels no love, Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy?.. you love me, what right do you have to leave me? The horse sense of despair Heathcliff feels as a pain un natural and hopeless existence, I cannot live without my love, I cannot live without my soul. He and Cathy are one, they are the natural existence of the Moors, and incomplete can survive without the other or the natural environment they require to live.This wild and arid landscape for the setting of Heathcliffs and Cathys love being due to the upbringing of Emily Bronte. Charlotte, Emily and Anne grew up in Haworth Parsonage, an area of Pennine upland in West Yorkshire. This gives reason for the wild and wiped out(p) landscape in Wuthering Heights, as this is where Emily grew up and was all that she knew. Nelly later describes Heathcliffs grieving as he howled not like a man, but like a cutthroat bea st being goaded to death with knives and spears. Heathcliff feels he belongs with Cathy in both dead body and spirit and arranges with the Sexton to be inhumed beside her. Life for him is like bending back a stiff spring. This typical natural imagery is used through out this book describing the passionate and wild love of Catherine and Heathcliff. by chance the key quote of this novelty being, my love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath Nelly I am Heathcliff -hes always in my mind-. These both characters echo constantly comments of their love for each other.However, Heathcliff is obsessed in Catherine, he should not punish innocent characters for the bitterness he feels for being abandoned by Catherine. Perhaps it could be argued that he is un veridical about his love for Catherine. It is incestuous, and would be harshly looked upon in terms of class. It could be viewed that Catherine was just realistic that the relationship would be illegitimate. When discussing this with Nelly she asks did it never lessen you that, if Heathcliff and I married, we would be beggars? Or perhaps if Catherine loves Heathcliff as much as she claims, social status would not make a difference to her, especially as their love is so wild and un- tamed. According to an clause in the Scots Magazine of June 1797 this is a common fault found in black letter love stories. women in these novels tend to form an attachment to persons unworthy of their affection, and thus to precipitation them into marriages terminating in their unhappiness. This theme of social sourcelessness and females not being able to get was felt very strongly for Emily, Charlotte and Anne Bronte.They would not be married, as this would rob them of their personal and property rights. Branwell, their brother would inherit everything their was even though he wasted all his and the familys money on drink, drugs and gambling. (Perhaps a refection of him in the character Hindley. ) This injustice can b e noted in many of the sisters texts, set off their objection to this social rule. Charlotte in Jayne Eyre and Vilette discusses the unattractive opportunity of a female trying to make a living through education, as does Anne in Agnes Grey. This being of a Marxist Feminist approach.Women being reign and oppressed through property and wealth. Fran Ansley and Margaret Benston, twain Marxist feminists agree that through the power that men had at this time, women had no power or no other ways to be successful other then to be married. However the haunting and chivalric image of Heathcliff the reader is left with, of his death, does not cause sympathy. Those deep black eyeball That smile and ghastly spotterness It appeared to me not Mr Heathcliff, but a goblin This is a typical gothic description, coloredness and pale skin, a haunting vampire like description.Also, eyes through out this novel are often described. Eyes are seen as windows into the soul, this is supported by Doroth y cutting edge Ghent who has famously argued the various windows and barriers attend to both to separate and connect arctic opposites inside and outside human and ghost. Also, this could practise to different eyes for the Earnshaws, the Earnshaws handsome dark eyes and Lintons. vacant blue eyes of the Lintons. Heathcliff being described as a typical Gothic Protagonist means the reader mustiness feel sympathy towards him, as this is a critical ingredient.He is dark, fiendish, mysterious and cruel, with his dwell of Wuthering Heights echoing his personality. He has a mysterious past, often compared to a demonic figure, lying fiend, with typical dark hair, eyes and features. The final quality needed being in spite of his cruelty and destructiveness, he generates a degree of sympathy. After never being taught love, being abused and losing his love ones, Catherine and Mr. Earnshaw, who the only people to ever show him affection it could be claimed that Heathcliff could not be bla med for the way he was.The passionate and violent environment shaped him into the fiend that he was. However, this can only be an explanation to a certain extent. When Heathcliff returns after his three-year absence he has become a super-human villain driven by revenge. This later Heathcliff is callous with incapacity to love and lastly being consumed with hatred and revenge. In summing up every individual reader will decide on his or her own opinion of Heathcliff, the argument is so equilibrize it is impossible to judge.Perhaps he is innocent and tortured of love out of his control, but the argument then falls onto the innocent characters such as Isabella and Cathy. Emily Bronte manages with great complexness to keep the compassion of the reader up and down. She manages to transform Heathcliff from a villain to a victim in a chapter, which keeps the character alive otherwise he whitethorn have come across as desperate and then monotonous. Heathcliff is a character of depth and com plexity and cannot be judged, consequently the sympathy of the reader varies so much.